1. Development
AP Human Geography

2. Thursday, December 15
Directions: Please take an FRQ from the center of your desk. Answer in complete sentences. Make sure to label your answers.

3. 4 Primary Industrial Regions
History of Development
Geographic areas that dominate in region
Impacts (key products/why stand out)
WW Influences
Status Today
Region
Time Period

4. What is Development? Developed Growth
Defined: Process of successive (positive) changes in a society as it seeks to meet the needs of its people.
Culturally relative process; definition of needs varies from society to society.
Developed
Growth
long-term, structural change in a society
short-term, positive and negative changes in a society

5. Development Classifications
Developed vs. Underdeveloped
Moderately, Less, Least Developed
The Four Worlds
First: industrialized, free-market, capitalist nations
Second: centrally-planned
Third: Historically meant all other countries; Today associated more with emerging economies (less developed)
Fourth: UN recognized “least developed” states
A variety of terms are used to discuss development
Underdeveloped had a negative connotation-thus was changed to the more politically correct developing nation-which incorrectly implies that all nations have the potential to develop.

6. Three Tier Structure Core Periphery Semi-periphery
Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology
* Generate more wealth in the world economy
Periphery
Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology
* Generate less wealth in the world economy
Semi-periphery
Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.
* Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

7. Global Economics
Enormous gaps between the rich and poor countries of the world-25,000 die of hunger each day (most under 5).
Various Economic Activities in states around the world.
Even within the wealthy or First World nations there are often areas of economic disparity within regions
10 million children die each year before the age of 5 from preventable diseases
Top photo-boatmen in China on the Hwang He pull a barge in bare feet
Bottom photo a Chinese textile plant
In 2000 the GNP of Japan was $32,350
US $29,240
European Union $26,348
India $
Nigeria $
Indonesia $

9. What does Development look like?
Less Developed
Developed
Rural v. Urban?
Populations rural but cities are growing rapidly.
Populations urban but cities are growing slowly
Population trends
Birth & death rates are high and life expectancy is low.
Birth and death rates are low and life expectancy is high.
Food/diet
Inadequate & unbalanced diets that result in low consumption of protein. Hunger & malnutrition
Adequate supplies of food and balanced diets.
Health/
disease
Healthcare poor
Good medical services available.
A variety of terms are used to discuss development
Underdeveloped had a negative connotation-thus was changed to the more politically correct developing nation-which incorrectly implies that all nations have the potential to develop.

10. What does Development look like?
Less Developed
Developed
Education
Poor educational facilities, high levels of illiteracy
Educational opportunities excellent, high literacy
Gender
Women may be held in an inferior position in society
Women are increasingly treated equal
Income
Per capita income is low and capital is scarce.
Per capita incomes are high and capital is readily available.
Economic Activity
Primary industries dominate national economies
Manufacturing and service industries dominate national economies
A variety of terms are used to discuss development
Underdeveloped had a negative connotation-thus was changed to the more politically correct developing nation-which incorrectly implies that all nations have the potential to develop.

11. Measuring Development
Gross National Product (GNP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year.
GNP: Includes things produced inside and outside a country’s territory.
GNI: ** Most common measurement used today.
Gross National Income (GNI) Measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country.

13. Measuring: Sectors of the Economy
Primary Sector- jobs that extract raw materials from the earth. ex. farming, mining, fishing, and forestry.
Secondary Sector- jobs that include manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw goods into useful products and then fabricate them into finished consumer goods.
Tertiary Sector- basically salespeople; it involves the provision of goods and services in exchange for payment. ex. retailing, banking, law, education, and government.
Three types of jobs and the amount of those jobs indicate how well developed a country is.

14. How this Economic indicator relates to development...
MDCs:
1st-Tertiary
2nd-Secondary
3rd-Primary
LDCs:
1st-Primary
3rd-Tertiary

16. Measures of Development
Consumption of Energy per Person-the greater the use of electricity- the higher the development
Productivity per Worker-production of all goods divided by the total labor force
Occupational Structure of the Labor Force-% of workers in each section-high number in agriculture signals low development

17. Measures of Development
Transportation & Communication per person-railroad, road miles and airline connections per person as well as telephone, radio, television or computers per person.
Other Rates:
Literacy
Caloric intake
% of income spent on food
Amount of savings per person
Washing dishes on the banks of the Niger River
Rwanda refugees in 1994

18. Brandt Line Brandt report published in 1980; Willy Brandt
Highlights the growing gap in social and economic development between the developed and less developed countries of the world.
Mutually dependent on each other
Warned against the “North” establishing economic barriers against growing industrial “South”.

20. Human Development Index
It was created by economist Mahbub ul Haq, followed by economist  Amartya Sen in 1990, and published by the United Nations Development Programe.
Economic: selected GDP per capita
Social: literacy and amount of education
Demographic: life expectancy
All factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100%
Norway, in 2001, ranked #1 with .944
**US ranks lower on the HDI despite our level of purchasing power
Defined: is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development. *Type of indicator matches most closely with the measure of per capita income. WHY??

21. Issues with Measuring Economic Development
All measurements count the:
Formal Economy – the legal economy that governments tax and monitor.
All measurements do not count the:
Informal Economy – the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of.
Many countries have per capita GNI of less than $1,000 per year –key to survival in these countries is the informal economy the illegal or uncounted economy.
Garden plots in backyard, to black market and even illegal drug sales

22. HDI only includes income from the formal market
HDI only includes income from the formal market. Reported to and monitored by the government, pay taxes.
Formal Market: Ecuador
Informal Market: Ecuador

23. HDI does not include income from the informal market
HDI does not include income from the informal market. Not reported to or regulated by the government, no taxes paid.
Informal Market: Recife, Brazil
Formal Market: Brazil
GNI per capita masks extremes in the distribution of wealth within a country.
GNI per capita measures only outputs (i.e., production). It does not take into account the nonmonetary costs of production.
The limitations of GNI have prompted some analysts to look for alternative measures of economic development, ways of measuring the roles that technology, production, transportation, and communications play in an economy.

24. Gross National Happiness
What types of questions do you think are asked on survey to determine how happy we are?
The nine domains are: psychological wellbeing, health, education, time use, cultural diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards.
Created and promoted throughout Bhutan; The concept implies that sustainable development should take a holistic approach towards notions of progress and give equal importance to non- economic aspects of wellbeing.

25. Development models

26. How did economically powerful countries get to where they are??

27. Modernization model
Walt Rostow’s model assumes all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development, climbing a ladder of development.
Traditional
Preconditions of takeoff
Takeoff
Drive to maturity
High mass consumption
Countries can be placed in one of five categories in terms of its stage of growth:
Walt Rostow created this liberal model of development in the 1960s

28. Modernization model First Stage: Traditional
Subsistence farms-limited technology
Rigid social structure
Resistance to change-transition triggered by external influence
Second Stage: Preconditions for Take-Off
Progressive Leadership-commercial exploitation of agriculture & extractive industries
Greater flexibility-installation of infrastructure-roads, railways, etc.
Greater openness to new technology
Greater Diversity of products produced
Pic 1: Village in Lesotho. 86% of the resident workforce in Lesotho is engaged in subsistence agriculture.
Pic 2: The use of some capital equipment can help increase productivity and generate small surpluses which can be traded.

29. Modernization model Third Stage: Take Off Drive to Maturity
Experiences industrial growth
Urbanization
Industrialization, technology & mass production
Drive to Maturity
Diffusion of technology
Industrial specialization
International trade
Modernization at the core
Population growth is reduced
Fifth Stage: Final Stage
Mass consumption-widespread production of goods & services
High incomes
Majority of workforce in service sector
Pic 1: At this stage, industrial growth may be linked to primary industries. The level of technology required will be low.
Pic 2:As the economy matures, technology plays an increasing role in developing high value added products.
Pic 3:Service industry dominates the economy – banking, insurance, finance, marketing, entertainment, leisure and so on.

30. Economic activity Primary Secondary Tertiary Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Vast majority
Very few
Stage 2
Few
Very Few
Stage 3
Declining
Rapid Growth
Stage 4
Stable
Growing rapidly
Stage 5

31. Criticisms of model Too Simple
The western-capitalist model is not the only path to economic progress
Need for other infrastructure – human resources (education), roads, rail, and communication networks
Assumes all countries follow the same route of development
Not all countries and economies started the same way or would want the same things as the U.S. or western nations
Assumes each country is economically and politically free
Doesn’t look at variations within a country

32. Models of Development Dependency Theory is another Structuralist Model
Political & economic relationships between countries & regions limit the development of the less well off areas
Colonial dependencies are still in place from long ago.
Dependency theory sees little hope for economic prosperity in some traditional parts of the world
Sugar being loaded in Cebu, Philippines
Coffee Plantation

33. Barriers to economic development
Low Levels of Social Welfare
Trafficking-bullied into poor working conditions
High birth rates, Low life expectancy, large number of dependents
Lack of proper health care
Poor water supply & sanitation
Widespread Disease vectored diseases-spread by a host
Malaria-kills 150,000 children each month
Political Instability: military dictatorships, corruption, revolution
Foreign Debt
World Bank or International Monetary Fund
Structural adjustment loans-economic reform required
Low Levels of Social Welfare
Lack of education, High illiteracy
Trafficking is not slavery, but conditions are grim, most are children and are girls-street vendors, domestic servants or prostitution
Political Instability
Military coups common in the periphery where democracy was difficult to establish-definite link between economic stability and political stability
Foreign Debt
Some of the money was squandered on wasteful projects, corruption, etc. Structured loans-require economic reforms and ear mark money for certain projects-also must open country to foreign investment.

34. THINK.PAIR.SHARE
Directions: Respond to the question below…
If you were to set up goals for the world to improve the conditions for the people, what goals would you choose?

35. Background Information
1992 Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
178 countries were represented.
Aimed to address the twin issues of promoting worldwide economic development and protecting the environment
Commitment & criticism by LEDCs.
1997 Summit in Kyoto, Japan
Aim was the worldwide reduction of greenhouse gases (to 5.2 per cent below their 1990 levels) in order to slow down the rate of global warming.
Bad effect on economies?
1992: – including tropical rain forests, biodiversity and reducing global warming.
1997 – build on Rio aims with more specific targets for countries to achieve

36. September 2000 in New York City Millennium Summit
Aimed to address the development needs of the LEDCs
8 goals created: help to focus the world's community on improving the lives of millions of people.
The MDGs will help to concentrate the international community's efforts on issues that matter most to the world's poorest children
Goals 1-7: reinforce each other and aim to reduce all forms of poverty
Goal 8: a global partnership for development
halve the number of people living in absolute poverty by 2015
reduce by two-thirds the proportion of children dying before the age of five.

37. Millennium Development Goals
Why important?
Children
Endorse a multi-dimensional view of development.
Have been adopted by many countries and international development agencies as a basis for their work.
Recognize that different development problems 'cross-cut'.
They cover most of the fundamental rights enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), for example, the right to life, education, health.
and over a period of 15 years the results will show countries whether or not they are likely to achieve them. To date some countries are on track, but many are not, and only a few will meet some of the targets
MDG targets will be measured at regular intervals over the course of 15 years.

38. Millennium development goals
International organizations and governments measure development and then create programs to help improve the condition of humans around the world, especially the poorest.
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop a global partnership for development.

39. So what are they?
Directions: The class will be divided into 8 groups. Each group will receive one of the MDGs to research, illustrate and present to the class.
Each group will receive a piece of paper and a computer. On the caterpillar piece, you should write the following information:
Number and Goal
Targets
Obstacles
Progress of meeting the Goal &
Revision: What *NEW* global goal corresponds with MDG!
Illustration of your assigned goal

40. Field Work Assignment
Task: You will choose a world country and refer to the CIA Fact Book website. You may not choose the United States for this assignment. I would prefer each student choose a different country.
Website:
Then, Look up the requested data for your country, as per the categories of information in the table below, and circle the numbers that apply to your country.
Total the number of circles in each column and conclude what classification your country falls and explain.
Power of Place: When you’ve finished this assignment, you will continue to look at economic development in the world – focusing on China and Taiwan. Watch the video and answer the questions.

41. Africa for Norway!
We also want to mess with the stereotypes people have. The problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, it's that they're incomplete. Norway is, in fact, a relatively cold country. But I think most Norwegians would be rather frustrated if that was the only thing Norway was known for. I think a lot of people would agree that the same goes for most African countries.