1. Geographies of Development
Geography 2
Geographies of Development

2. Keywords Development Normative Sustainable Growth vs. progress HDI GNI
GDP
Poverty rate
Extreme and moderate poverty
GII
MMR
Income inequality, champagne glass effect
Gini coefficient
Lorenz curve
Rostow model
Dependency theory
World systems theory
Neoliberalism
Structural adjustment
Poverty reduction and UN millennium development goals

3. What is development? Normative Growth vs progress
Conventional vs sustainable
Is there a cost to development?

4. Measuring Development
Economic
GNI
GDP
Poverty Rate
Extreme and Moderate Poverty
Social
Health
Education
Gender, GII
Environmental
Clean water
Pollution
Loss of forest

5. HDI: Human Development Index
HDI: Life expectancy, expected years of schooling, per capita GNI
HDI Life Expectancy Expected Years Per Capita GNI
(years) of schooling ($PPP)
Norway $64,992
2. Australia $42, Switzerland $56, Denmark $44, Netherlands $45,435
8. U.S $52,308
155. Zimbabwe $1, Afghanistan $1, Niger $908

9. Has any region seen increases in the rate of extreme poverty?
Huge changes from , most remarkably in East Asia, led by the rise of China. China reduced its poverty rate from 84% to 13% during this time period.
Has any region seen increases in the rate
of extreme poverty?
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. 140 – above 120 – – 119 Below 100 No Data

14. Adolescent fertility rate measures the annual number of births to adolescent women years of age per 1000 women in that age group.

15. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Wealth and Income Income distribution Income inequality
Increasing; since end of communism inequality in Eastern and central Europe has risen by 40%
In the United States, the 1% of the population with the highest income had their household incomes grow by 275% between ; no other American income group saw more than a 65% increase and the poorest Americans saw about an 18% increase.
For every $100 held by the world’s richest 20%, $70 are held in OECD countries.
$28 are split between Latin America, East Asia, and eastern and central Europe.
$2 are in Africa.
Incomes of the 500 richest people in the world exceeds the incomes of 400 million others.
World’s richest 20% population held 70% of the income of the world. World’s poorest 20% held 2% of global income

17. Wealth and Income Measuring income inequality
Gini Coefficient: closer to 0, the more equal the distribution of income. Uses the….
Lorenz Curve: economist Max Lorenz, relationship between population and income (by 10% groupings). In the ideal, 10% of the country has 10% of the income…so the curve measures how far a country deviates from the ideal.
Most equal:
Denmark: 24.7
Japan: 24.9
Others:
U.S.: 40.8
Brazil: 59.3
Namibia: (richest 20% hold 80% of income)

19. What Are the Barriers to Development?
Geographic conditions?
Institutional and structural conditions?

20. Development Theory Rostow…Classical…International Trade
Export-oriented
Trickle-down
Self-Sufficiency
Dependistas
ISI
World Systems
Wallerstein
Core/Periphery

21. Financing Development
Neoliberalism
Market reforms
Deregulation
Critique of neoliberalism
Loss of government spending on social programs
Loss of food subsidies
Devaluation of currency
Dependency on exports
Dependency on external agencies
Financing Development
World Bank
IMF
Debt

22. Alternatives? Poverty reduction theory
UN’s Millennium Development Goals
Fair Trade
Importance of Scale

23. The problems with traditional development projects: dams
Why are dams good development projects?
What’s not-so-good about dams as development projects?
The Mahaweli River Project
Sri Lanka
Hoover
And
Glen Canyon
Dams,
Colorado R.

24. The world’s largest dam: The Three Gorges Dam

25. Aswan High Dam, Egypt