1. Lesson Starter 3 of these images show chemical reactions.
Which image do you think does not?
Explain your answer.
I think that……. Because…..

2. Learning Intention
Understand the difference between a CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL reaction, and give examples of each
Make observations of chemical reactions
Name 3 things that indicate a chemical reaction has happened

3. Chemical Vs Physical PHYSICAL REACTION No new substance formed
Easily reversed
CHEMICAL REACTION
One or more NEW substance formed
Not easily reversed

4. Task:- Sort the pictures into two categories
Physical
Chemical

5. Signs of a Chemical Reaction
Watch the demo Think, Pair, Share What signs were there that a chemical reaction has taken place?

6. Signs of a Chemical Reaction
Change in COLOUR
A solid is produced from 2 liquids (Precipitation)
A gas is produced (effervescence)
Signs of a Chemical Reaction
A change in temperature
Sound energy is produced
Light energy produced (flash/light)

7. Experiment Instructions Collect apparatus and PUT GOGGLES ON
Test tube
Clamp stand
Bunsen burner
Heat proof mat
Tub of COPPER CARBONATE
Instructions
Collect apparatus and PUT GOGGLES ON
Add half a spatula of copper carbonate into a dry test tube
Clamp test tube at open end and ensure it is FACING AWAY FROM EVERYONE
Light your Bunsen burner
Heat the copper carbonate with the BLUE FLAME
Observe
Goggles at all times
Test tube AWAY from everyone
Stand up always
Long hair tied back
No daftness

8. Experiment: Discussion
What did you observe?
What signs of a chemical reaction did you see?
Copper carbonate: copper, carbon, oxygen

9. Task : write Draw a labelled diagram in your jotter of the experiment
Write down the safety measures you had to take for the experiment
Underneath thediagram, make a note of the signs of the chemical reaction you observed

10. Homework
Write down 3 examples of CHEMICAL reactions and 3 examples of PHYSICAL reactions.

11. Exit Pass
On your exit pass, write down 3 signs of a chemical reaction #ChemicalReaction

12. Lesson Starter Write down 3 examples of signs of chemical reactions
Give 2 examples of a CHEMICAL reaction in every day life
Give 2 examples of a PHYSICAL reaction in every day life

13. Learning Intention To be able to safely carry out experiments
To recognise signs of a chemical reaction

14. Looking back.. Copper Carbonate experiment
How did we know a chemical reaction had happened?

15. Instructions Apparatus Goggles on! Goggles Test tube Small beaker
Add 3 cm depth of lead nitrate solution to a test tube.
Add the same volume of potassium iodide solution to the same test tube.
Observe carefully.
Filter the contents of the test tube using filter paper.
Draw a labelled diagram of the experiment and answer the following questions in your jotter:
What did you observe?
What 2 indicators of a chemical reaction did you see?
Apparatus
Goggles
Test tube
Small beaker
Filter funnel
Filter paper
Lead nitrate solution
Potassium iodide solution

16. Instructions Apparatus Goggles Boiling tube Spatula Hydrochloric Acid
Goggles on!
Add 3 cm of 1 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid to a boiling tube.
Add a spatula of powdered chalk (calcium carbonate).
Observe carefully.
Draw a labelled diagram of the experiment and answer the following questions in your jotter:
What did you observe?
What indicator of a chemical reaction did you see?
Apparatus
Goggles
Boiling tube
Spatula
Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium Carbonate

17. Copy and Complete
Physical Reaction
Chemical reaction

18. Frying an egg

19. Burning paper

20. Melting wax

21. Burning petrol in a car engine

22. Condensation on windows
on a cold day

23. Breaking glass

24. Making toast

25. Dissolving sugar in tea

26. Baking a cake

27. Concrete setting

28. Separating sand and salt

29. Lighting a match

30. Washing drying on the
line

31. Water Freezing

32. Boiling potatoes

33. And now for the answers. How many did you get correct?

34. Frying an egg
Chemical reaction

35. Burning paper
Chemical reaction

36. Melting wax
Physical change

37. Burning petrol in a car engine
Chemical reaction
Burning petrol in a car engine

38. Condensation on windows
on a cold day
Physical change

39. Breaking glass
Physical change

40. Chemical reaction
Making toast

41. Dissolving sugar in tea
Physical change
Dissolving sugar in tea

42. Chemical reaction
Baking a cake

43. Concrete setting
Chemical reaction

44. Separating sand and salt
Physical change
Separating sand and salt

45. Chemical reaction
Lighting a match

46. Washing drying on the
line
Physical change

47. Water Freezing
Physical change

48. Chemical reaction
Boiling potatoes

49. Complete homework task 1

50. Explain the difference between a chemical and a physical reaction
Lesson Starter
Explain the difference between a chemical and a physical reaction

51. Learning Intention
To understand the difference between a dilute and concentrated solution

52. What does it mean?
Soluble/Insoluble

53. Solutions

54. Concentrated and Dilute Solutions
Solutions= dilute or concentrated
Dilute= small quantity of solute dissolved
Concentrated= large quantity of solute dissolved
Dilute/concentrated

55. Concentrated and Dilute solutions
How do we make a solution more dilute? Add more solvent

56. A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved.
Saturation
A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved.

57. Write the definitions in your jotter for:
Soluble
Insoluble
Solvent
Solute
Solution
Saturation

58. Write the definitions in your jotter for:
Soluble- Substance can dissolve
Insoluble- Substance can’t dissolve
Solvent- Liquid that substance is dissolved in
Solute- Solid that is dissolved
Solution- Mixture of two or more different substances
Saturation- when no more solute can be dissolved

59. Concentrated and Dilute solutions (copy)
Solutions can be described as dilute or concentrated depending on how much of the solute is dissolved in the solvent. A dilute solution contains only a small quantity of solute dissolved in the solvent. A concentrated solution contains a large quantity of solute dissolved in the solvent.

60. Experiment: Making Concentrated and Dilute Solutions
Put the test tubes into a rack and use a measuring cylinder to add the coloured solution as shown in the diagram.
Add water to the test tubes to give a total volume of 20 cm3 each.
Draw a diagram showing what has happened to the colour in each test tube.

61. Questions: Making Concentrated and Dilute Solutions
Which test tube has the most concentrated solution?
Which test tube has the most dilute solution?
What happens to the colour as more water is added?
Which substance is the solute?
Which substance is the solvent?

62. Lesson Starter: What’s the link?

63. To learn about acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions
Learning Intention
To learn about acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions

64. Acids, Alkalis and Neutral Solutions
Solutions can be concentrated or dilute
Also classified ACIDIC, ALKALINE, NEUTRAL

65. Can be either DILUTE or CONCENTRATED
Acids and Alkalis
Can be either DILUTE or CONCENTRATED

66. Concentrated Solutions
Strong
Corrosive
Attack and destroy

68. Dilute Solutions
Weak
Irritant
Common household products

69. Acids, Alkalis, Neutrals (copy)
As well as being classified as concentrated or dilute, solutions can also be classified as acidic (acids), alkaline (alkalis) or neutral (neutral solutions).

70. Acids and Alkalis Solutions can be identified using their pH number.
Measure pH with INDICATOR
pH scale

71. Universal Indicator
A pH indicator is a solution that changes colour to show the pH it is in. The most common indicator is universal indicator.

72. pH Scale (copy)
Acids, alkalis and neutral solutions can be identified using their pH number.
The pH of a solution can be measured using indicator paper or universal indicator and the colour compared to a colour chart to find the pH.

73. pH Scale
Copy and complete the following sentences: Acids have a pH of __________ 7. Alkalis have a pH of __________ 7. Neutral solutions have a pH __________ 7.

74. Experiment Apparatus Dimple tray Solutions to be tested
Universal indicator
pH chart
Stirring rod
Instructions
Goggles on!
Add a small amount of a substance to a dimple on a dimple tray.
Add 2 drops of universal indicator to the substance in the dimple and stir with a clean stirring rod.
Find the pH of the substance by comparing the colour of the universal indicator with a pH colour chart.
Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the remaining substances.
Safety!
Goggles on always
Clear up spills
No daftness

75. Colour of Universal Indicator Bicarbonate of soda solution
Name of Substance
Colour of Universal Indicator pH
Acid, Alkali or Neutral?
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Coke
Vinegar
Bicarbonate of soda solution
Milk
Pure water
Lemon juice
Salt solution
Oven cleaner
Toothpaste

76. Think.. Where on the pH chart are acids?
What happens to the strength of the solution the closer to 1 it gets?
What is the pH of alkaline solutions?
What happens to the strength of the alkali the closer to 14 it is?
What is a neutral solution?
Give me examples of an every day acid, alkali, neutral

77. Give me 2 examples of an acid, alkali and neutral
Lesson Starter
Give me 2 examples of an acid, alkali and neutral

78. To learn about NATURAL indicators
Learning Intention
To learn about NATURAL indicators

79. Natural Indicators
Natural products (e.g. flowers, vegetables and fruits) often change colour to reflect the pH of their environment.

80. Red Cabbage Indicator
Red cabbage can be used to tell if a substance is Acid, Alkali or Neutral
Red cabbage is a NATURAL INDICATOR

81. Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on!
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Heat proof mat
Beaker
Red cabbage
Instructions
Goggles on!
Set up a Bunsen burner and tripod stand on a heatproof mat.
Measure approximately 50 cm3 of water into a beaker.
Add the red cabbage to the water and boil for 5 minutes.
Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow to cool for a few minutes.

82. Copy
Red cabbage can be used as an INDICATOR to find out if a solution is Acid, Alkali or Neutral.
Red cabbage

83. Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on!
Place 3 test tubes in a test tube rack.
Half fill each test tube with the cooled solution.
Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the first test tube
Add a few drops of pure water to the second test tube
Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to the third test tube
Note the colour changes in your table
Apparatus
Goggles
3x test tubes
Test tube rack
Hydrochloric acid
Water
Sodium Hydroxide

84. Task
Make a guide on how to make a red cabbage indicator for someone else to follow
Your guide should include a list of all the apparatus you used, a clear set of instructions and labelled diagrams of how to set the experiment up

85. Lesson Starter- answer
What numbers represent:
a) Acids
b) Alkali
c) Neutral
on the pH scale?
What colour would a) Acids b) Alkali c) Neutral be when tested with universal indicator?
What colour was a) Acids b) Alkali c) Neutral with the red cabbage indicator?

86. Learning Intention To produce pH indicators from natural products
To use the indicators produced to test solutions

87. Natural Indicators Household products used as pH indicators
Some respond to acids, some alkali, some neutral
Some change over the pH scale

88. Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on!
Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
Heat proof mat
Beaker
Substance to test
Instructions
Goggles on!
Set up a Bunsen burner and tripod stand on a heatproof mat.
Measure approximately 50 cm3 of water into a beaker.
Add the red cabbage to the water and boil for 5 minutes.
Turn off the Bunsen burner and allow to cool for a few minutes.

89. Natural Indicators (copy)
There are many common household products, plants, vegetables and fruits that can be used as pH indicators. Some of these natural indicators change colour in response to acids, others change colour in response to alkalis while others change colour to neutral solutions. Some even change over the pH range (like universal indicator).

90. Copy and Complete

91. Experiment Apparatus Instructions Goggles on!
Place 3 test tubes in a test tube rack.
Half fill each test tube with the cooled solution.
Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the first test tube
Add a few drops of pure water to the second test tube
Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to the third test tube
Note the colour changes in your table
Apparatus
Goggles
3x test tubes
Test tube rack
Hydrochloric acid
Water
Sodium Hydroxide

92. Discuss

93. Write down 3 things you have learned so far in this topic
Lesson Starter
Write down 3 things you have learned so far in this topic

94. Learning Intention
To find out what happens to the pH of an acid and alkali as it is diluted

95. Creating a rainbow Work in a group of 4
Place 7 test tubes in a test tube rack.
Add 10 cm3 hydrochloric acid/ sodium hydroxide into the first test tube.
Using a measuring cylinder, measure 9 cm3 of distilled water into the 6 empty test tubes.
Using a pipette, take 1 cm3 from the first test tube, add it into the second test tube and swirl the test tube to mix the solution.

96. Using the same pipette, take 1cm3 from the second test tube, add it into the third test tube and swirl the test tube to mix the solution.
Repeat this procedure for the remaining test tubes.
Repeat with the alkali
Using a dropper, add 5 drops of universal indicator into each test tube.

97. Serial Dilution (copy)
Diluting an acid by adding more water increases the pH of the solution towards 7. Diluting an alkali by adding more water decreases the pH of the solution towards 7.

98. Watch
Acids and alkali 2- video

99. Lesson Starter Tell me what is on the board – pH scale
What is the purpose of the pH scale? – To tell us how strong or weak an acid/alkali is
What do we use in order to see these colours?- indicator
What do the different colours tell us? Example
Household examples

100. Learning Intention
To learn about neutralisation and how we can use it to prevent the damage of acids/alkalis

101. Experiment: challenge
20 minutes to create a test tube rainbow
We know that different acids and alkalis have different pHs and so would create different colours but your challenge is to create the rainbow using just one acid and one alkalki
Best rainbow gets a prize

102. Experiment: Challenge
Apparatus
Test tube rack
5 test tubes
Acid
Alkali
Universal indicator
pH scale
Instructions
Place 2 fingers of water in each test tube
Place 5 drops of universal indicator in each test tube
The rest is for you to work out!
I’ve given a few instructions to start off, the rest you will need to work out! Don’t forget you are using harmful substances so will need to be wearing goggles.
Start the countdown and after the time is up get all the teams to bring their rainbows to the front with their name on it for judging. Award the points and tidy up the experiment.

103. Neutralisation
Add Alkali
Add Acid
Acids
Alkalis

104. How could you stop the pain?
Bee sting- pH 3
Wasp sting- pH 9

105. Lesson Starter
Explain what happens to the colour and pH of an acid if alkali is added
Describing neutralisation reactions
Everyday neutralisations

106. Learning Intention
To learn about neutralising acids by carrying out an ACCURATE neutralisation reaction.

107. Recap

108. Experiment
Pour acid into a beaker and use syringe to measure 5 mls of acid- add to boiling tube
Add a couple of drops of universal indicator to the boiling tube
Pour alkali into beaker and use second syringe to measure 5 mls
SLOWLY add 1 drop of alkali to boiling tube and swirl- note colour of solution
Repeat until colour of solution in boiling tube is green
Apparatus
Goggles
Boiling tube
Test tube rack
Acid
Alkali
Two 10 ml syringes
Universal indicator
2 x 100ml beakers

109. Experiment: part 2
Pour some of your neutralised solution into the evaporating basin
Evaporate the liquid by heating the solution using the Bunsen burner
Observe what happens/forms
Apparatus
Goggles
Neutral solution
Evaporating basin
Tripod stand
Heat proof mat
Bunsen burner

110. Neutralisation (copy)
A neutralisation reaction is a reaction in which an acid, or an alkali is cancelled out.
The reaction always produces water (a neutral substance) and a salt.

111. Textbook
Read page 87 in starting science 2 and answer questions 1-3 in your jotter

112. Lesson Starter (True or False)
All acids and alkalis are harmful
The more concentrated an acid is, the closer to 0 it will appear on the pH scale
Corrosive alkalis are close to 7 on the pH scale
Lemon juice, coke and vinegar are all examples of household acids
Brushing our teeth is an example of a neutralisation reaction
During neutralisation, the pH of a solution always gets higher

113. Place 3 test tubes in test tube rack
Apparatus
3x test tubes
Test tube rack
Limestone chips
Concentrated acid rain
Dilute acid rain
Normal rain water
Balance
Stop clock
Instructions
Place 3 test tubes in test tube rack
Weight out 2 grams of limestone and add to each test tube
Add 10 cm3 of “Concentrated Acid Rain” into the first test tube.
Add 10 cm3 of “Dilute Acid Rain” into the second test tube.
Add 10 cm3 of “Pure Rainwater” into the third test tube.
Start the stopwatch and time for 5 minutes.
Carefully empty the first test tube into the sieve and rinse the chips thoroughly under tap water
Weigh the chips and note any differences in your table
Repeat for test tube 2 and 3
Goggles on at all times
Man your own experiment- don’t wander
Keep noise level down
Wash hands if any spills
Be careful with glassware
No carry on!!

114. Acid Rain Experiment (copy)
Type of rain water
Weight of chips before (g)
Weight of chips after (g)
Normal Rain
Dilute Acid Rain
Concentrated Acid Rain

115. Experiment: Effect of Acid Rain on Limestone
Answer the following questions in your jotter. What effect did “Concentrated Acid Rain” have on limestone? What effect did “Dilute Acid Rain” have on limestone? What effect did “Pure Rainwater” have on limestone?

116. Acid Rain (copy) Acid rain causes several problems.
It causes building made of limestone (and some other sedimentary rocks) to slowly dissolve.
It can cause iron and steel to corrode, weakening bridges.
When it gets in to rivers and lakes, it poisons aquatic life.
It also poisons plants and trees when it gets into soil.

117. Acid Rain Project
In small groups, you are going to carry out an investigation into acid rain.
During this investigation, you will attempt to (copy these 3 points into your jotter):
Identify what activities produce the greatest volume of acid rain causing gases.
Identify ways to reduce acid rain formation.
Identify ways of reducing and treating the damage caused by acid rain.

118. News paper article
Produce an INFORMATIVE newspaper article which details:
What activities produce the greatest volume of acid rain causing gases.
Ways to reduce acid rain formation.
Ways of reducing and treating the damage caused by acid rain.
Include diagrams and bold headlines. Make your article as eye catching as possible!

119. Learning Intention To learn how acid rain is formed
To find out the effect of acid rain

121. Activities that cause acid rain
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. These chemical gases react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form mild solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may spread these acidic solutions across the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it flows across the surface in runoff water, enters water systems, and sinks into the soil.

122. Acid Rain (copy)
Acid rain is caused by waste gases (e.g. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxides) being released from cars and industrial processes.
These waste gases can rise into the atmosphere and dissolve in water to form acid rain.

123. Effects of Acid Rain

124. Effects of Acid Rain (copy)
Acid rain flows into streams/lakes where it harms fish and other wildlife.
Many trees are dying/dead as a result of the effects of acid rain.
Buildings/ statues/ structures are corroding.
The pollutants that cause acid rain, and their damage human health.

125. How do we reduce acid rain formation?
Turn it off/unplug- fossil fuels
Use appliances less- washing machine/dryer/dishwasher/tv
Energy efficient devices
Insulate homes/reduce thermostat
Shop locally
Plant a garden
Drive conscientiously- use car less
No plastic bags
Alternative energy- solar panels/windmills

126. Treating acid rain damage
Cleaning up Exhaust Pipes and Smokestacks
Adding lime into acidic surface waters balances the acidity
Adding calcium to soil can heal forests damaged by acid rain

127. Newspaper article DEADLINE:- 31ST OCTOBER Must include:-
Catchy headline
Diagram/s- colour
Description of the effects of acid rain
The activities that cause acid rain
How we treat the damage caused by acid rain
Ways we can reduce the formation of acid rain
DEADLINE:- 31ST OCTOBER