1. The Roman Republic and Empire 700 B.C. – A.D. 180
Chapter 5
The Roman Republic and Empire
700 B.C. – A.D. 180

2. Section 1: The Roman Republic
Early Rome
Latins
Early Romans similar to Greeks
Etruscans
Expand through Italy
The Roman Republic
509 B.C. – formed a Republic
Republic – a government in which supreme power belongs to the citizens, who elect leaders
The Senate
300 member council
Patricians -
Consuls – ran the government and led the army
The Plebeians – common people
Elect tribunes
The Twelve Tables – laws, mostly to protect common people
By 287 B.C. plebeians and patricians had equal rights

3. Section 2: From Republic to Empire
Roman Society
The Army
Women have a larger role
Education
Religion - Polytheism, similar to Greeks
Section 2: From Republic to Empire
The Punic Wars
Carthage –
Three wars with Carthage known as Punic Wars
First Punic War B.C.
Rome wins and adds Sicily
Second Punic War B.C.
Hannibal – Carthaginian general, invaded from the North
Scipio and Hannibal collide at Battle of Zama – Rome wins
Third Punic War B.C.
Rome wins and burns Carthage

4. Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
During Punic Wars, Rome also defeats Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor
Decline of the Republic
Farm Debts
War destroys farms, surplus lowers prices on goods
Unemployment
Attempts at Reform
Tiberius Gracchus – reforms to help the poor
Gaius Gracchus – won rights for the middle class
Slave Revolts
Spartacus – 73 B.C.

5. Julius Caesar The End of the Republic The Age of Augustus
Brought Gaul (France) and Britain under rule
Caesar defeats Pompey in Civil War
Popular reforms
Assassinated on the Ides of March 44 B.C. by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius
The End of the Republic
Octavian and Mark Anthony (Cleopatra) fight for rule
Octavian defeats Anthony in 31 B.C.
Octavian takes the name Augustus
The Age of Augustus
Reforms in Army and Government
Took complete control of the army
Expanded citizenship
Restored traditional values
Rulers of Pax Romana
Pax Romana – 27 B.C. to A.D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

6. Section 2: The Rise of the Roman Empire
Octavian – known in history as Augustus
The Age of Augustus
Reforms in Army and Government
Took complete control of the army
Expanded citizenship
Restored traditional values
Rulers of Pax Romana
Pax Romana – 27 B.C. to A.D. 180, years of peace and prosperity

7. Augustus’ Successors Successors: No law of succession
Tiberius – problems in politics
Caligula – incompetent and cruel
Claudius – restored order, added Britain
Nero – bloodthirsty and violent
Vespasian – controlled army, defeated Judea uprising
Nerva – set up adoptive system
Trajan – Empire reaches greatest size
Hadrian – protected rather than expand
Marcus Aurelius – problems with Germanic peoples from the North, last of Pax Romana

8. Achievements of the Pax Romana
During this time the empire achieved its greatest glory
Order – overall good government
Prosperity – new cities were built, old cities flourished
Unity – 70 million people brought together under one empire

9. Section 3: Roman Society and Culture
Class Divisions
Rich and poor
Poor had little political involvement
Farmers made up majority of population
Slavery was very common
Popular entertainment
Circus Maximus and Colosseum
Chariot Racing and Gladiator fights

10. Family Life Education Religion Men ruled families
Women obeyed fathers, husbands
Arranged marriages, however, women can’t be forced
Education
Formal system of education for boys
Reading, writing, arithmetic
Stressed oratory development
Religion
Gods similar to the Greeks
Jupiter, Mars, Juno
Unconcerned with morality
Sought the gods for answers
Problems with religion paved the way for new religions

11. Greek Influence on Roman Culture
History, Literature, Art
Greco-Roman Culture
Skilled in engineering, government, and law
Literature
Virgil – Aeneid
livy – History of Rome
Horace – wrote of wars
Ovid – wrote of wealth, fashion, romance, and other pleasures
Art and Architecture
Artists focused on realism
Architects built roads, bridges, aqueducts
Science
Ptolemy and Galen
Roman Law – still influence seen in Italy, Spain, France, and Latin America
Cicero
Law of Nations
Laws apply the same to all under the empire