3. The Royal Proclamation of 1763
After the French ceded Canada to England in the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, His Majesty King George III of England moved to establish new colonies in North America in October of that same year with the Royal Proclamation of 1763.
Aside from incorporating New France into the British Empire, the Proclamation established measures governing relationships with the "several Nations or Tribes of Indians" and the Imperial Crown.
British colonists were forbidden to settle on Native land until the Crown had settled the matter of using the land with the Aboriginal Peoples.
The Royal Proclamation was a landmark in European and Aboriginal relations in Canada, for it laid the foundations for later Treaty negotiations that would see Aboriginal peoples surrendering their traditional lands to ever encroaching European settlement.

4. Shows early European exploration
1759 – Britain gains control of New France
Encourage British migration to Canada
Legacies?

5. British gov’t gave a chartet to the HBC that gave them exclusive trading rights in Rupert’s Land.
Legacies?
Changed Cree culture (middle man)
Competition (North West Company)
Overtrapping of beaver (impact on native economies?)

6. British designate inland area to First People’s
Settlers continuously creep into Aboriginal Territory
Legacies?
First recognition of Aboriginal land titles.
First form of reservation.

7. Competition caused HBC to establish trade posts along key inland locations.
Began claiming certain areas for HBC (Red River Settlement)
Legacies?

9. Paternalistic From the Latin word for father.
Europeans adopted the approach of the “White Man’s Burden” when dealing with aboriginal people.
The British saw themselves as knowing what is best for the First Nations people – meaning guidance and discipline.

10. Aboriginal View of Land Ownership
Treaties were viewed as sacred agreements between two equal nations by First Nations People
The First Nations people had every intention of sharing land, but no concept of giving it up for colonial settlement.
Language barriers resulted in miscommunication.
As the population of settlers grew so did British regard for the treaties that were made
Perspectives on Globalization p. 166 ff

12. Position of the Canadian Government
“Our Indian legislation generally rests on the principle that the Aboriginals are to be kept in a condition of tutelage and treated as wards or children of the state… It is clearly our wisdom and our duty, through education and other means, to prepare [them] for a higher civilization by encouraging [them] to assume the privileges and responsibilities of full citizenship.
Annual Report of the Department of the Interior (1876)

14. First Nations on Treaties
“In my language, there is no word for surrender [of land]. There is no word. I cannot describe surrender to you in my language, so how do you expect my people to [have] put their X on surrender?”
Chief Francois Paulette, Treaty 8 Council.

15. Chief Moonias waiting for the Treaty signing ceremony, Fort Hope,
July 19, 1905

16. Signing treaty #8

17. Treaty #13
Signatures

18. Confederation and the “Indian Acts”
1867 Confederation was established without the consent of the First Nations people. This was an agreement to control the land north of the 49th Parallel.
John A. Macdonald: “..do away with the tribal system, and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the inhabitants of the Dominion.”

19. Confederation and the “Indian Acts”
Took away Aboriginal governments and replaced them with weak band councils.
A new government department called “Indians and Lands reserved for Indians” was created to regulate First Nations affairs.
Took control of resources on reserves.

20. Ideas and Opinions
“I want to get rid of the Indian problem. Our objective is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic and there is no Indian question. Education is in the forefront for their requirements now.
Duncan Campbell Scott, Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 1913 to 1932
p. 181