1. Ch. 8 Warm-Up What is another name for joints?
What are the 2 main functions of joints?
What do you think are the most common joint injuries?

2. Ch. 8 Warm-Up
John bent over to pick up a dime. What was the type of joint and the movement that occurred at:
his hip joint
at his knees, and
between his index finger and thumb?

3. Ch. 8 Warm-Up
Tony fell asleep in class, and when he woke up, he let go with a big yawn. To his horror, he couldn’t close his mouth – his lower jaw was “stuck” open. What happened?
What is the cause of Lyme disease?
How you determine by looking at someone suffering from arthritis has OA or RA?

4. Joints
Chapter 8

5. Joints (or articulations)
Where two or more bones meet
Functions: movement, hold skeleton together
Classified by structure (or function):
Fibrous (synarthroses): immovable joint
Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): slightly movable
Synovial (diarthroses): freely movable

6. Fibrous Joints No movement Located:
Sutures: bones of skull held together by connective tissue fibers
Between teeth & jaws

8. Cartilaginous Joints Bones united by cartilage Located:
Epiphyseal plates
Rib & sternum
Pubic symphysis
Most vertebrae

10. Synovial Joints Bones separated by fluid-containing joint cavity
Synovial fluid reduces friction between cartilages
Menisci: fibrocartilage that partially divides a joint cavity at knee, reduces friction
Bursa: flattened sacs containing synovial fluid, occur where bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin rub together

11. Lateral & Medial Meniscus

12. Torn medial meniscus

13. Bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions between bones & tendons/muscles

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Plane – wrist
Hinge – elbow, ankle, fingers
Pivot – ulna/radius
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) – wrist, knuckle
Saddle – thumb
Ball-and-socket – shoulder, hip

15. Types of Synovial Joints

22. Types of Synovial Joints

23. Joint Movement
Every skeletal muscle attached to bone or connective tissue at 2+ points
Origin: attached to immovable (less movable) bone
Insertion: attached to movable bone

24. Types of Synovial Joint Movement
Gliding
Angular movements
Rotation

25. 1. Gliding Flat bone slips over another Back-forth, side to side
Eg. Between vertebrae, wrist, ankle

26. 2. Angular Movement Increase or decrease angle between bones Types:
Flexion:  angle between bones (bend knee)
Extension:  angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs, (unbend knee)
Abduction: “moving away” from midline along frontal plane (spread apart fingers)
Adduction: “move toward” midline (arm moving in)
Circumduction: make “cone” in space (pitcher winding up to throw ball)

27. Flexion:  angle between bones

28. Extension:  angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs

29. Hyperextension

30. Abduction – Adduction - Circumduction

31. 3. Rotation Turn bone along long axis
Eg. Hip, shoulder, swivel head (C1/C2)

32. Special Movements Radius & Ulna:
Supination: bones are parallel, anatomical position
Sup- = “soup bowl”
Pronation: bones form an X, relaxed position
Pro- = pro-basketball player dribbles

33. Special Movements
Elevation/Depression: and  (shrug, chewing)

34. Special Movements
Foot: inversion (medially)/eversion (laterally)

35. Special Movements
Ankle: dorsiflexion (toes point up)/plantar flexion (toes point down)

36. Special Movements
Jaw: protraction (jut out)/retraction (bring back in)

37. Special Movements
Thumb: opposition (touch to other fingers on hand)

38. Joint Disorders Arthritis (joint inflammation)
Osteoarthritis: wear-and-tear, degeneration
Rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammation, autoimmune
Gout: uric acid deposits in soft tissue of joints
Sprain: ligaments stretched or torn
Dislocation: bones forced out of alignment
Bursitis: inflammation of bursa
Tendonitis: inflammation of tendons (overuse)
Lyme Disease: tick bite  joint pain, arthritis, skin rash, flu-like symptoms

39. Robert Griffin III (RGIII)
Repaired lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2nd time

40. Common Knee Injury: Hockey Puck

41. Knee Repair: ACL Surgery
YouTube Video: ACL Surgery

42. Knee Replacements

43. Knee Replacement Surgery
Knee Replacement Surgery (Pre-Op Video)

44. Hip Joint

45. Hip Arthritis

46. Hip Replacements