1. By Logan Pia, Hunter Windward, Rain Jones, Stephen Johnson
Volcanoes
By Logan Pia, Hunter Windward, Rain Jones, Stephen Johnson

2. How Dangerous can Volcanoes be
Volcanoes erupting can cause many other natural disasters such as when Krakatoa exploded in that killed 36,000 people.
The deadliest aspect of a volcanoes eruption is the pyroclastic flows that blast down the side of a volcano during an eruption. This contains ash, rock, and water moving hundreds of kilometers an hour, and it is hotter than 1,000 degrees Celsius.

3. Interesting Facts
Volcanologists have classified volcanoes into groups based off of the shape of the volcano, the material they are built of, and the way the volcano erupts.
There are 20 volcanoes erupting right now.
Only about 6,000 volcanoes have erupted in the last 10,000 years.
Many Volcanoes form in the Mid-Atlantic on the ocean floor because the oceans plates are spreading apart. (also called sea floor spreading.)

4. Interesting Facts Continued
In 2013 record breaking number of erupting volcanoes at 83
The danger area around a volcano covers about a 20-mile radius
An eruption can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls
The sound of an eruption can be heard from hundreds of miles away, and can lead to hearing loss and broken glass.

5. How do Volcanoes form
Volcanoes form through the movement of Earths tectonic plates.
The tectonic plates move 3 different types of way:
1. Divergent- is sea floor spreading at mid Atlantic ridge, also new plate material is being created
2. Convergent- when plates collide, one goes under the other, sinking plate come in contact with hot asthenosphere
3. Transform- When plates slide past each other.

6. Types of volcanoes Fissure- No central crater at all.
Composite- Also known as strato-volcanoes. Very tall, symmetrically shaped, sometimes rising up to 10,000 ft. high.
Cinder Cone-simple and have a bowl shaped crater at the summit and steep sides.
Shield- Grow very big, tall and broad with flat rounded shape. They have low slopes.

7. What Makes Volcanoes Erupt
Deep inside the Earth, Between the molten iron core and the curst of the surface, there is a solid body rock called the mantle. Through Convection when the rock from the mantle melts and becomes loose and flexible it then releases pent up gasses which causes volcanoes to erupt.

8. Damage caused by Volcanoes
Lava is molten rock that is expelled from volcanoes it burns through houses and anything in its path. It is volcanoes most destructive feature.
It is roughly estimated the volcanoes cause only 1 billion dollars in property damage a year however in special years like when Mt St Helens erupted the damages from that volcano alone was over 1 billion dollars.

9. Mt. Kilauea- Hawaii Youngest and most active shield volcano in Hawaii
It is located on the southern part of the Island of Hawaii, known as Big Island
Kilauea is near-constantly erupting from vents either on its summit or on the rift zones
Kilauea is still having one of the most long-lived eruptions known on earth, which started in 1983 on the eastern rift zone

10. History
Kilauea is the youngest volcano (on land) of the Hawaiian hot spot
It is also the worlds most active volcano
Kilauea has a large summit, caldera, with a central crater, Halemaumau, which is home to the fire goddess Pele
About 90% less than 1100yrs old.
70% less than 600 yrs old
It has destroyed nearly 200 houses and added new coastline to the island

11. What is a shield Volcano
Shield volcanoes are broad, low-profile features with diameters that vary from a few kilometers to over 100 kilometers
Their heights are typically about 1/20th of their widths
Their overall broad shapes result from the extrusion of very fluid basalt lava that spreads outward from summit area
Cross-sections through shield volcanoes reveal numerous thin flow units of pahoehoe basalt, typically less than 1 m thick

13. Video N4

14. Mt. Fuji- Japan
Mount Fuji is located on Honshu Island, and is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24m. The volcano is a perfect strato-volcano, and sits 60 miles south-west of Tokyo.

15. Mt. Fuji

16. History
Mount Fuji last erupted 100,000 – 10,000 years ago. On October 26th, 1707 Mount Fuji presented itself with a 8.4 magnitude earthquake devastating Honshu Island, and caused 72 houses and 3 Buddhist temples to be destroyed. Basaltic lava and ash covered the area. This eruption lasted 16 days and left an estimated 0.68 cubic km of magma.

17. What is a Composite Volcano
A strato-volcano/composite volcano is built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Composite volcano’s a characterized as a volcano with a steep profile and periodic eruptions, although some have collapsed craters. Lava flow is typically cools and hardens before spreading due to its high viscosity.

18. Why are Volcanoes so Tall
Mount Fuji is so huge because when it erupted tens of thousands of years ago so much molten lava came out that it built layer upon layer of rock compounded on top of itself which caused mount Fuji to get to its huge size.
This happens in many volcanoes and can cause a much younger volcano to grow taller than a older volcano rapidly and this happens very often.

19. Differences
1. Mt. Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world while Mt Fuji has not erupted for 10s of thousands of years.
2. While Mt Kilauea is the youngest volcano in Hawaii, Mt Fuji is formed by two parts “old Fuji” which is approximately 100,000 years old which is blanketed by “new Fuji” which is approximately 10,000 years old.

20. Erupting Volcano Diagram

21. Paupa New Guinea EruptionMs

22. Questions?