1. Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce
CHAPTER 7
Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce

2. CHAPTER OUTLINE 7.1 Wireless Technologies
7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access
7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile commerce
7.4 Pervasive Computing
7.5 Wireless Security

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Discuss the various types of wireless devices and wireless transmission media.
Describe wireless networks according to their effective distance
Define mobile computing and mobile commerce.

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)
Discuss the major M-commerce applications.
Define pervasive computing and describe two technologies that underlie this technology
Discuss the four major threats to wireless networks.

5. Chapter Opening Case

6. Chapter Opening Case (continued)
Disconnect?
Manufacturers
Retailers

7. 7.1 Wireless Technologies
Wireless devices
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Microbrowsers
Wireless transmission media
Wireless devices: are small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to
perform productive tasks and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other devices.
The wireless application protocol (WAP) is the standard that enables wireless devices to
access Web-based information and services.
WAP-compliant devices contain microbrowsers, which are Internet browsers with a small file
size that can work within the confines of small screen sizes on wireless devices and the
relatively low bandwidths of wireless networks.

8. Browser vs. Early Microbrowser
The image on the left is Amazon’s homepage viewed with Microsoft Internet Explorer.
The image on the right is an early microbrowser on a cell phone. Note the limited
functionality of the microbrowser.

9. Deepfish Deepfish is an advanced microbrowser from Microsoft Labs.
As wireless devices become more powerful, they have browsers with more
functionality, such as Deepfish.
Deepfish is an advanced microbrowser
from Microsoft Labs.

10. Apple iPhone with Safari browser
The Apple iPhone is a wireless device (smart phone) that is powerful enough to run
the full-function Apple Safari browser.
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.

11. Capabilities of Wireless Devices
Cellular telephony access Bluetooth Short message service Wi-Fi Instant messaging Digital camera Text messaging Global positioning system Organizer MP2 music player Scheduler Video player Address book Internet access Calculator QWERTY keyboard

12. Examples of today’s wireless devices
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.
Treo 750
Blackberry Curve

13. Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued)
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.
Motorola Q
Helio Ocean

14. Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued)
Sony Mylo
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.

15. Wireless Devices (continued)
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.
Nokia N95
HTC Touch Dual

16. Wireless Devices (continued)
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.
INFOBAR 2
Motorola MOTO Z8

17. Wireless Devices (continued)
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.
Samsung i620
Nokia E90

18. Wireless Transmission Media
Microwave Transmission
Satellite transmission
Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Internet Over Satellite (IOS)
Microwave transmission systems are widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication. Point-to-point has two characteristics: first, the transmitter and receiver must be in
view of each other (called line-of-sight); and second, the transmission itself must be tightly directed
from transmitter to receiver.
Satellite transmission systems make use of communication satellites; three types of satellites,
each in a different orbit:
Geostationary (GEO): orbits 22,300 miles directly above the equator and maintains a relatively
fixed position in relation to a dish on earth; excellent for TV signals.
Medium-earth-orbit (MEO): are located 6,000 miles above the earth’s surface and move; used
for the GPS system.
Low-earth-orbit (LEO): are 400 to 700 miles above the surface, so they move much faster with
respect to a point on the earth’s surface; require many to cover the earth.
Global Positioning System: a wireless system that uses MEO satellites to enable users to determine
their position anywhere on the earth.
Internet over satellite: allows users to access the Internet via GEO satellites from a dish mounted
on the side of their homes.

19. Satellite Footprint Comparison

20. Global Star LEO Coverage
Global Star is the leading provider of satellite phone service with its
low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites. The image shows
the company’s coverage of the earth.
Clicking on the image map above will take you to Global Star’s homepage.

21. How the Global Positioning System Works

22. GPS Systems
Smart phone and GPS system

23. Wireless Transmission Media (continued)
Radio
Satellite Radio
Radio transmission uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters
and receivers.
Satellite radio (digital radio) offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to
your radio from space. XM satellite radio and Sirius have agreed to merge as of mid-2007.

24. Infrared A test to see if your TV remote control is working
Infrared light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes; common uses are in
remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players.
You can use the digital camera on your cell phone to see if your TV remote control is
working. Digital cameras are sensitive to infrared light, so if you point your TV
remote control at your cell phone, its digital camera will pick up the infrared beam
if the remote is working. (As in the image above.)

25. 7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access
Short range wireless networks
Medium range wireless networks
Wide area wireless networks
Short-range wireless networks generally have a range of 100 feet or less.
Medium-range wireless networks are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs).
The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).
Wide-area wireless networks connect users to each other and to the Internet over
geographically dispersed distances.

26. Short Range Wireless Networks
Bluetooth
Ultra-wideband
Near-field Communications
Bluetooth: Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits
per second.
Ultra-wideband: high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess
of 100 megabits per second.
Near-field Communications: shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded
in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.
Clicking on the top two images above will take you to the respective Web pages.

27. FitSense: A Personal Area Network
FitSense Technology is a world leader in wireless body monitoring and feedback systems.
The company’s ActiHealth Intelligent Network collects, transports and presents physiological
data automatically and securely The FitSense ultra low-power wireless personal area network, called BodyLAN, seamlessly
connects wearable and portable body sensors, data transport, and feedback devices. The
network monitors activity, calorie burn, weight, body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose and more.
Clicking on the images above will take you to the respective Web pages.

28. Bluetooth
The image on the left shows a Bluetooth network in an office.
The images on the right are a winter jacket and sunglasses into which Motorola has
integrated Bluetooth wireless headsets.

29. Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
Ultra-wideband has many uses as you can see at the TimeDomain Web site.
This article discusses the use of UWB in fire-fighting.
Ultra-wideband technology enables firefighters to detect people behind walls,
or in smoke-filled environments with zero visibility.

30. Near-Field Communications in action
Near-field communications (NFC) is the enabling technology behind (a) contactless payments with credit cards
and (b) the substitution of a cell phone for a credit card (the wave of the future).
The top left image above shows the VISA Wave card, which uses NFC.
The other two images show an NFC-enabled phone that is being used as an interactive credit card.
The phone can make payments the same way the credit card can (both your card issuer
and wireless carrier have to support such a service). In addition, your phone can be used for
the following services: balance checking, electronic funds transfer (for bill payment), and
electronic couponing where a coupon is wirelessly transmitted to a phone, the coupon's bar code
is displayed on phone's screen, and the cashier waves that bar-code over the bar-code reader at
the point of sale.

31. The Nokia 6131 phone This video shows the Nokia 6131 phone in action.
The Nokia 6131 NFC-enabled phone, which is used in the video

32. Medium Range Wireless Networks
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)
Wireless access point
Hotspot
Wireless network interface card
Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi): used in wireless local area networks
Wireless access point: a transmitter with an antenna
Hotspot: a geographical perimeter with in which a wireless access point provides wireless access for users
Wireless network interface card: enables mobile devices to communicate wirelessly.

33. Diagram of wireless hotspot
The irregularity of the hotspot is a result of intervening buildings, trees, etc.
Note that the “protrusions” generally follow streets.

34. A Wi-Fi Hotspot
Wi-Fi hotspots are three-dimensional and thus, roughly spherical, depending on buildings, trees, etc.
that weaken the signal. This image shows a schematic of a wireless hotspot at the Moscone
Convention Center in San Francisco. It is a sphere with a radius of about 100 meters.
Compare this slide with the Wi-Max slide (later in these slides).

35. Wi-Fi at Starbucks

36. Wi-Fi at McDonalds

37. Wireless Mesh Networks
Wireless mesh networks use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide-area network
that can be very large.
Mesh networks are essentially a series of interconnected local area networks.
The image shows a wireless mesh network across a section of a city.

38. Example of a mesh network
A mesh network from Meraki and one node

39. Wide-Area Wireless Networks
Cellular Radio
1st Generation
2nd Generation
2.5 Generation
3rd Generation
Wireless Broadband or WiMax
Cellular Radio: use radio waves to provide two-way communication
1st Generation: analog signals and low bandwidth
2nd Generation: digital signals for voice and data communication up to 10 Kbps
2.5 Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps
3rd Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 384 Kbps when device
is moving at walking pace; 128 Kbps when moving in car; and 2Mbps when device is stationary
Wireless Broadband or WiMax: access range up to 31 miles and data-transfer rate up to 75 Mbps

40. Cellular Radio Network

41. University of Phoenix stadium (IT’s About Business 7.1)
University of Phoenix stadium, home to the National Football League’s Arizona Cardinals.
The stadium uses a distributed antenna system, where relatively low-power antennas
are place throughout the facility, rather than having a few high-powered antennas.

42. A Wi-Max Hotspot Golden Gate bridge
Compare this slide to the Wi-Fi hotspot we saw previously. Both wireless access points
are located in the Moscone Conference Center in San Francisco. The blue dotted
line in this image is the range of the Wi-Max hotspot.
Note: The Wi-Max access zone points directly to the Moscone Center. The Pacific Ocean
is to the right (deep blue).
Golden Gate bridge

43. Wi-Fi and Wi-Max in Rhode Island (IT’s About Business 7.2)
The map shows the coverage of the integrated Wi-Fi and Wi-Max networks in
Rhode Island as of mid The state is not quite covered yet.

44. 7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce
Mobility
Broad reach
Mobile computing: refers to real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device
and other computing environments, such as the Internet and an intranet.
Mobility: users carry a mobile device and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be.
Broad reach: users can be reached instantly when they carry an open mobile device.

45. Mobile Computing
The characteristics, mobility and broad reach, create five value-added attributes that break the barriers of geography and time:
Ubiquity
Convenience
Instant connectivity
Personalization
Localization of products and services
Ubiquity: mobile device can provide information and communications regardless of user’s location.
Convenience and Instant Connectivity: Internet-enabled mobile device makes it easy and fast to
access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing a call.
Personalization: information can be customized and sent to individual consumers (e.g., as a
short message service).
Localization of products and services: knowing a user’s location helps companies advertise
their products and services.

46. Mobile Commerce Mobile Commerce
The development of m-commerce is driven by the following factors:
Widespread availability of mobile devices
No need for a PC
The “Cell phone culture”
Declining prices
Bandwidth improvement
Mobile commerce refers to electronic commerce transactions that are conducted in a
wireless environment, especially via the Internet.

47. Example of Mobile Commerce
The E-Zpass process for gated toll roads….saving time!

48. Example of mobile commerce
Car key and the Speedpass
Speedpass is a keychain RFID device. When you buy your gas, you simply “wave”
your Speedpass near the reader on the gas pump and your credit card is debited.

49. Mobile Commerce Applications
Financial Services
Mobile Banking
Wireless Electronic Payment Systems
Micropayments
Mobile (Wireless) Wallets
Wireless Bill Payments
Financial Services: include banking, wireless payments, micropayments, wireless wallets, bill-payment services, brokerage services, and money transfers.
Mobile Banking: Many banks now offer access to financial & account information, the ability to transfer funds, and receive alerts on digital cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs.
Wireless Electronic Payment Systems: these systems transfer mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network.
Micropayments: electronic payments for small purchase amounts (generally less than $10).
Mobile (Wireless) Wallets: technologies that allow cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices.
Wireless Bill Payments: Services provided by banking institutions that allow customers to pay their bills directly from their cell phones.

50. Intrabusiness Applications
Accessing Information
Mobile Portal
Voice Portal
Mobile Portal: aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users that include news, sports, , entertainment, travel and restaurant information; community services; and stock trading.
Voice Portal: is a Web site with an audio interface and can also be accessed through a standard phone or cell phone.

51. Location-Based Applications
Shopping from Wireless Devices
Location-based Advertising
Location-based Services
Shopping from Wireless Devices – online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices.
Location-based Advertising is when marketers know the current locations and preferences of
mobile users, they can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices about nearby
shops, malls and restaurants.
Location-based Services provide information to customers about local services and conditions via
cell phones.

52. Using Google Earth in location-based advertising
Google Earth provides symbols that include: icons for photographs taken of the area,
icons for information about the area, and icons for specific businesses that are in
the area and are of interest to the user.

53. Telemedicine Telemedicine predicted in 1924 and today
Telemedicine is the use of modern telecommunications and information technologies to provide
clinical care to individuals located at a distance and for the transmission of information to provide
that care.
Telemedicine predicted in 1924 and today

54. Telemetry Applications
Technicians can use telemetry to identify maintenance problems in equipment;
Doctors can monitor patients and control medical equipment from a distance;
Car manufacturers use telemetry for remote vehicle diagnosis and preventive maintenance.
Telemetry is the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors.

55. Medical Telemetry
LiveNet is a flexible distributed mobile system that can be used for a variety of proactive
healthcare applications. The LiveNet system allows people to receive real-time feedback
from their continuously monitored and analyzed health state, as well as communicate health
information with care-givers and other members of an individual's social network for support
and interaction.
Note: clicking on the LiveNet logo will take you to its Web page.

56. Automotive Telemetry The OnStar system from GM
Clicking on the OnStar logo will take you to its homepage.
The OnStar system from GM

57. The Aware System (IT’s About Business 7.3)
Telemetry in the trucking industry
Clicking on the International logo above will take you to the International
Aware homepage.

58. 7.4 Pervasive Computing Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing)
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing) is invisible “everywhere computing” that is
embedded in the objects around us – the floors, the lights, our cars, washing machine, microwave
oven, cell phones, clothes, and so on. (e.g., smart home, smart appliances)
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology allows manufacturers to attach tags with
antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio
signals.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless
sensors that are placed into the physical environment.

59. Anatomy of a Bar Code RFID was developed to replace bar codes.
The image above shows a typical bar code, known as the Universal Product Code.

60. Various RFID Tags

61. RFID Dust by Hitachi Human hair
This image shows RFID tags produced by Hitachi that measure .05 by .05 millimeter.
They are so small, that they are called RFID dust.

62. RFID and Your Privacy
Many are questioning whether or not RFID Dust could be used to track individuals,
as the next slide shows.

63. RFID tracking tag from the movie “Mission Impossible”
This image shows the tracking tag used in the movie “Mission Impossible.” Notice how
much larger this tag is than Hitachi’s RFID Dust.
Now….what about your privacy?

64. Product with bar code and RFID tag
Ask students why products would have both an RFID tag and a bar code….
Bar code

65. Small RFID Reader and Tag

66. Small RFID Reader and Tag

67. Large RFID Reader

68. RuBee
A RuBee tag
RuBee is a wireless networking protocol that relies on magnetic rather than
electrical energy.
RuBee signals will go through metal and liquids, where RFID signals will not

69. RFID at Selexyz (IT’s About Business 7.4)
RFID tag on book
RFID reader at Selexyz

70. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
This image shows a wireless sensor network. Note the interconnected motes.
The motes send information to a base computer, which connects to the
satellite above.
Mote

71. Inrix traffic system
This image shows an example of the output of the Inrix real-time traffic system.
Note: clicking on the Inrix logo above will take you to its homepage.

72. 7.5 Wireless Security Four major threats Rogue access point
War driving
Eavesdropping
RF (Radio frequency) jamming
Rogue access point: is an unauthorized access point to a wireless network.
War driving: is the act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere.
Eavesdropping: refers to efforts by unauthorized users to try to access data traveling over
wireless networks.
RF (Radio frequency) jamming: is when a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally
interferes with your wireless network transmissions.

73. Chapter Closing Case
Clicking on the Webster Forest Nursery logo will take you to its homepage.