1. Bacteria

2. Bacteria differ from Eukaryotes
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
10 times smaller
Unicellular, activities not specialized
Single chromosome
Reproduce by binary fission
Simple flagella that spins, pili for adherence
Many metabolic abilities, perform any aerobic and anaerobic processes

3. Structure of bacteria 3 basic shapes Bacillus – rod shaped cell
Coccus – round shaped cell
Spirillum – spiral cell

4. Structure of bacteria Cell membrane and cell wall
Capsule – gel like layer outside cell wall
Endospores – in harsh conditions, form around chromosomes and cytoplasm.
Pili – adhere to surfaces
Conjugation – exchange of genetic material

5. Genetic recombination
Transformation – uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Transduction – phages carry prokaryotic gens from one host cell to another (fig )
Conjugation – exchange of genetic information from one bacteria to another using sex pili

6. Bacteria obtain energy many ways
Photosynthetic bacteria – many bacteria carry out photosynthesis ex. Cyanonbacteria
Chemoautotrophic bacteria – obtain energy by removing electrons from inorganic (NH3) or organic molecules (methane). Play important role in nitrogen cycle.
Heterotrophic bacteria – feed on organic material formed by other organisms, decomposers

7. Gram staining (Lab)
Gram + - bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan, stain violet
Gram - = bacteria with a thin layer of peptidoglycan, stain pink
Important because they differ in susceptibility to antibiotics
Knowing whether a bacteria is gram + or gram – will help a doctor choose the most effective antibiotic.

8. Bacteria cause disease
Metabolize host – secrete enzymes to break down organic structures
TB – bacteria grow on human tissue in lungs
Acne – metabolize oil produced in glands, plugs the pores, forming pimples

9. Bacteria cause disease
Toxins – bacteria secrete chemicals (toxins) that are poisonous to eukaryotic cells
Food poison – bacteria grow and produce toxins in food. This causes illness in humans that eat the contaminated food
Botulism – poorly canned food – not heated enough to kill endospore
E. coli poisoning – raw/inappropriately cooked ground beef

10. Fighting Bacteria Hot soapy water antibacterial products
Antibiotics- natural or synthetic

11. Importance of bacteria
Foods are processed by bacteria
Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar
Industrial uses
Acetone, butanol (bases for other useful chemicals)
Genetic engineering
Mining – concentrate desired elements from low grade ore
Environmental - help clean up environmental disasters by metabolizing organic chemicals, oil and chemical spills