1. Benchmark SC.912.L.15.8
Standard 15 Diversity and Evolution of Living Organisms
Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth. Pg. 58
Benchmark Clarifications
Students will describe scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth.
Students will identify situations or conditions contributing to the origin of life on Earth.
Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations).
Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards.
Students will identify what is science, what is not science, and what resembles but fails to meet the criteria for science.
Content Limits Items may address the conditions required for the origin of life on
Earth but may not require specific knowledge of the age of Earth or its eras, periods, or epochs.
Items may assess how contributions of scientists such as Pasteur, Oparin, Miller and Urey, Margulis, or Fox aided in the development of the scientific explanation of the origin of life but will not assess what each scientist contributed.
Items assessing the origin of organic molecules, chemical evolution, and/or eukaryotic cells should be conceptual.

2. Think Ahead
1. One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?
a. onset of photosynthesis
b. origin of genetic material
c. synthesis of organic molecules
d. formation of the plasma membrane
WAR

3. -a living organism arises naturally from non-living matter.
Abiogenesis
-a living organism arises naturally from non-living matter.
Spontaneous Generation
Biogenesis, which is the creation of living organisms by other living organisms.

5. Deep Sea Vents 3 minutes

6. 1. ________________ is the process by which some organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. a. Photosynthesis b. Cell Respiration c. Chemosynthesis d. Fermentation

8. The bubble model states that that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life took place within bubbles beneath the ocean ís surface.
What important role did bubbles play according to the bubble model?
A. They provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation.
B. They allowed the reactions to take place in the presence of oxygen.
C. They kept the chemical products from ever entering Earth’s atmosphere.
D. They gave the activation energy needed for spontaneous chemical reactions.

9. Theory & Law A theory can’t become a law. Notes
How does a scientific law differ from a scientific theory?
A law is a description of what happens in nature.
They are generally accepted to be true and universal. Laws often have a mathematical basis.
A theory is based a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses.
-They are subject to change as new information is available.
A theory can’t become a law. *
Theory & Law
Notes

10. Theory & Law
Support

12. Video Theory and Law
One way to tell a law and a theory apart is to ask if the description gives you a means to explain 'why'.
Example: Consider Newton's Law of Gravity. Newton could use this law to predict the behavior of a dropped object, but he couldn't explain why it happened.

13. “Theory related to the puzzle activity?
How does the term,
“Theory related to the puzzle activity?

14. Puzzle Activity
Groups of 4
Listen for Instructions

15. Puzzle Theory Presentation1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6.
And the Winner is Group

17. Origin of Life
3 min.

18. The Miller-Urey experiment showed that, under certain conditions, organic compounds could form from inorganic molecules. What is one consequence of this experiment?
A. The experiment proved that methane and ammonia will always give rise to organic molecules in any circumstance.
B. Scientists think it is possible that organic compounds formed from the inorganic compounds present on Earth billions of years ago.
C. The experiment used the exact inorganic compounds present on Earth billions of years ago and left little doubt about the mechanism of early life
WAR

19. C=Carbon=Organic=Life
Origins of LifeO
C=Carbon=Organic=Life
SC.912.L.15.8

20. Where Did Life Originate On Earth?

21. REVIEW What is Life? First we have to define LIFE… composed of cells
respond to stimuli
regulate internal processes
homeostasis
use energy
metabolism
grow and develop
change & mature within lifetime
-reproduce
heredity
DNA / RNA
-evolve
Adapt to changes
REVIEW

22. Origin of Life Timeline Definitions
Heterotrophic –obtains energy from the food it consumes.  Energy from others.
Autotroph- makes its own food by capturing energy from sunlight.*Plants.
Eukaryote- multi-cellular organism with membrane organelles that has a nucleus 
Prokaryote- unicellular (single-celled) organism without a nucleus
Anaerobic- process that does not require oxygen
Aerobic- process that requires oxygen

23. Origin of Life -Heterotrophs Prokaryotic anaerobes Prokaryotic aerobes
- Autotrophs
Eukaryotes

24. Origin of Life Video-Really Good

25. Francesco Redi Sci-Method Problem- Hypothesis- Variables -Independent-
Conclusion-

26. How is Pasteur;s experiment similar to Redi’s?

27. 1. When Pasteur prepared his long curved neck flash for his experiment, he was trying to disprove which idea? a. abiogenesis b. theory of use and disuse c. theory of natural selection d. spontaneous generation

28. TIME LINE

29. Soup to Cells 3 minutes
of%20Cells.wmv

30. TRUE or FALSE there is only one theory involving the Origin of Life.

31. Two models of the origin of life on Earth are the primordial soup model and the bubble model. What do these two models of how life began on Earth have in common?
A. Both explain how UV radiation produces ammonia and methane.
B. Both involve only chemical reactions that take place within the ocean.
C. Both include chemical reactions that take place when there is lightning.
D. Both involve only chemical reactions that take place within the atmosphere

32. The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence.
Bacteria
Archae-
bacteria
Animal
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
500
1500
1000
Formation of earth
Molten-hot surface of
earth becomes cooler
Oldest definite fossils
of prokaryotes
Appearance of oxygen
in atmosphere
of eukaryotes
First multicellular
organisms
Appearance of animals
and land plants
Colonization of land
by animals
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Millions of years ago
ARCHEAN
PRECAMBRIAN
PROTEROZOIC
Sexual Reproduction
Diversity
Cyanobacteria
Phylogenic Tree
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Heterotrophs
The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence.

33. * Coacervates

34. Greatest Discoveries

35. Miller and Urey subjected hydrogen gas, water vapor, ammonia, and methane gases to sparks in a reacting chamber.
What was produced, giving support to the
primordial soup model of the origin of life?
A. primitive plants
B. organic compounds
C. single-celled organisms
D. membrane-bound organelles

36. Origin of Life Sequence

37. Sequencing Activity
Place the cut outs / events in order from the oldest to the newest events.

38. * Coacervates
Cyanobacteria

39. Concept Map
Sequencing
Cloze Activity

40. Conditions on early Earth
Reducing atmosphere
water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3, CH4, H2S
lots of available H & its electron
no free oxygen
Energy source
lightning, UV radiation, volcanic
low O2 = organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly
It is unclear whether young Earth’s atmosphere contained enough methane and ammonia to be reducing. Growing evidence suggests that the early atmosphere was made up primarily of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and was neither reducing nor oxidizing (electron–removing). Miller–Urey–type experiments using such atmospheres have not produced organic molecules. Still, it is likely that small “pockets” of the early atmosphere—perhaps near volcanic openings—were reducing.
Instead of forming in the atmosphere, the first organic compounds on Earth may have been synthesized near submerged volcanoes and deep–sea vents—weak points in Earth’s crust where hot water and minerals gush into the ocean.
What’s missing from that atmosphere?

41. Origin of Organic Molecules
Water vapor
Condensed liquid with complex, organic
molecules
Condenser
Mixture of gases
("primitive
atmosphere")
Heated water
("ocean")
Electrodes discharge
sparks
(lightning simulation)
Water
Abiotic synthesis
1920 Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis
1953 Miller & Urey test hypothesis
formed organic compounds
amino acids
adenine
* Coacervates
CH4 H2
NH3
Animation: The Miller-Urey Experiment-

42. Stanley Miller University of Chicago produced -amino acids
-hydrocarbons
-nitrogen bases
-other organics
It’s ALIVE!

43. Origin of Cells (Protobionts)
Bubbles  separate inside from outside
 metabolism & reproduction
* Coacervates
Bubbles… Tiny bubbles…
Life is defined partly by two properties: accurate replication and metabolism. Neither property can exist without the other. Self–replicating molecules and a metabolism–like source of the building blocks must have appeared together. How did that happen?
The necessary conditions for life may have been met by protobionts, aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane–like structure. Protobionts exhibit some of the properties associated with life, including simple reproduction and metabolism, as well as the maintenance of an internal chemical environment different from that of their surroundings.
Laboratory experiments demonstrate that protobionts could have formed spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds. For example, small membrane–bounded droplets called liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water.

44. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes dominated life on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria
modern bacteria
Electron Transport Systems
The chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis, in which a complex set of membrane–bound proteins pass electrons to reducible electron acceptors with the generation of ATP from ADP, is common to all three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. There is strong evidence that this electron transport mechanism actually originated in organisms that lived before the last common ancestor of all present–day life. The earliest of these electron transport systems likely evolved before there was any free oxygen in the environment and before the appearance of photosynthesis; the organisms that used it would have required a plentiful supply of energy–rich compounds such as molecular hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. A great challenge facing scientists studying the origin of life is to determine the steps by which this electron transport mechanism originated, and how important early versions of it might have been in the emergence of the first cells.
So considerable metabolic diversity among prokaryotes living in various environments had already evolved more than 3 billion years ago. Most subsequent evolution has been more structural than metabolic.
chains of one-celled cyanobacteria

45. Stromatolites
Lynn Margulis
Fossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies

46. Oxygen atmosphere Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
reducing  oxidizing atmosphere
evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
makes aerobic respiration possible
photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)

47. First Eukaryotes Development of internal membranes ~2 bya
create internal micro-environments
advantage: specialization = increase efficiency
natural selection!
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
plasma
membrane
infolding of the plasma membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall
plasma
membrane
Prokaryotic
cell
Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic
cell

48. Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes Ancestral Eukaryotic cell
Evolution of eukaryotes
origin of mitochondria
engulfed aerobic bacteria, but did not digest them
mutually beneficial relationship
natural selection!
internal membrane system
aerobic bacterium
mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
with mitochondrion

49. Endosymbiosis – Lynn Margolis
Eukaryotic
cell with
mitochondrion
Evolution of eukaryotes
origin of chloroplasts
engulfed photosynthetic bacteria, but did not digest them
mutually beneficial relationship
natural selection!
photosynthetic bacterium
chloroplast
mitochondrion
Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cell with
chloroplast & mitochondrion

50. Cambrian explosion Diversification of Animals
within 10–20 million years most of the major phyla of animals appear in fossil record
543 mya

51. Trilobite

52. Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Bacteria

53. Questions
1. One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?
a. onset of photosynthesis
b. origin of genetic material
c. synthesis of organic molecules
d. formation of the plasma membrane

54. 2. Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth?
a. prokaryotic and aerobic
b. prokaryotic and anaerobic
c. eukaryotic and anaerobic
d. eukaryotic and anaerobic

55. 3. The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lightning supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. Which of the following describes why the Miller-Urey theory is widely accepted today?
a. Amino acids spontaneously form from molecules in the atmosphere today.
b. Organic molecules are present today in extremely high concentrations.
c. The process of synthesizing organic molecules from a mixture of gases has been successfully modeled in the laboratory.
d. No other alternative hypotheses have been introduced.

56. 4. The diagram below shows a proposed theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, called endosymbiosis.
Which of the following explains why cells that contained mitochondria-like organelles had an evolutionary advantage?
a. They were able to photosynthesize
b. They had more DNA
c. They were able to make more use of available energy
d. They were immune to bacterial invasion

57. 5. Which of the following gases is least likely to have existed in the early atmosphere of the earth?
a. NH3
b. CO2
c. N2
d. O2

58. 6. When Pasteur prepared his long curved neck flash for his experiment, he was trying to disprove which idea? a. abiogenesis b. theory of use and disuse c. theory of natural selection d. spontaneous generation

59. 7. Miller and Urey's experiments proved that-
a. life evolved on earth from inanimate chemicals.
b. complex organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions that probably existed on the early earth.
c. RNA can act as an enzyme and assemble new RNA molecules from RNA templates.
d. bacteria were the first type of living organism to appear on the earth.

60. 8. The endosymbiotic theory explains- a
8. The endosymbiotic theory explains- a. the origin of all organelles in eukaryotic cells b. how bacterial cells can invade eukaryotic cells and cause disease c. how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living cells d. how eukaryotic cells consume food

61. 9. Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown in the figure below.
The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.
The bacteria that live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams are classified as
a. eukaryotes
b. prokaryotes
c. plants
d. fungi

62. 10. Miller and Urey subjected hydrogen gas, water vapor, ammonia, and methane gases to sparks in a reacting chamber. What was produced, giving support to the primordial soup model of the origin of life? a. primitive plants b. organic compounds c. single-celled organisms d. membrane-bound organelles

63. 11. According to the primordial soup model, the first organic molecules could have formed from simpler inorganic substances in Earth’s early oceans, but only if there were a source of energy to cause such chemical reactions to take place. Which are possible sources of energy that could have led to the production of these first precursors to life? a. lightning and cellular respiration b. nuclear radiation and photosynthesis c. photosynthesis and cellular respiration d. solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and lightning

64. 12. Which of the following best describes the current scientific thinking about the origins of life on Earth?
A. It has been proven that life came to Earth on comets.
B. Scientific explanations have changed based on new information.
C. Fossil evidence of the earliest form of life is common and well accepted.
D. The creation of organic molecules in ancient “soup” is the only possible explanation for the origin of life on Earth.

65. 13. Which is NOT considered a possible location on primitive Earth where conditions would have allowed the synthesis of complex organic compounds?
A. Near volcanoes
B. Dry, hot areas
C. Deep ocean vents
D. Shallow seashores

66. 14. Which life forms would have been among the first organisms on Earth?
A. Angiosperms
B. Archaea
C. Gymnosperms
D. Herbivores

67. 15. What important role did blue-green bacteria play in the history of life on Earth?
A. They performed photosynthesis and filled the atmosphere with water vapor.
B. They provided the basis for a food web that eventually supported plants.
C. They performed photosynthesis and led to an oxygenated atmosphere.
D. They performed respiration and filled the atmosphere with oxygen.

68. 16. An energy input is necessary to build complex organic molecules from simpler molecules.
What energy source possibly created the building blocks of life during the early parts of the creation of life on Earth?
A. Wind
B. Lightning
C. Tornadoes
D. Seismic waves

69. Intro to Macromolecules

70. Where it is found What it does Macromolecule Protein
Meat, Fish, Cheese
Enzymes, structural, transportation, hormones among many other functions in living organism.
Carbohydrate
Sugar, Breads, Fruits, Pasta, Rice
Short term energy
Lipid
Fats
Long term energy storage; an important component of the cell membrane.
Nucleic Acid
RNA and DNA
Carries genetic information

71. Origin of Life Chemistry: Intro to macromolecules

72. Revealing the Origins of Life

73. Crash Course of Origin of Life
Escambia Biology
Crash Course of Origin of Life
GREAT REVIEW