1. Introduction to Packet Voice Technologies
Cisco Networking Academy Program

2. Traditional Telephony
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3. Basic Components of a Telephony Network

4. Central Office Switches

5. What Is a PBX?

6. Basic Call Setup

7. Supervisory Signaling

8. Address Signaling Rotary telephone Pulse dialing Tone telephone
DTMF dialing
Rotary telephone
Pulse dialing

9. Informational Signaling

10. Digital vs. Analog Connections

11. Time-Division Multiplexing

12. Frequency-Division Multiplexing

13. Packetized Telephony Networks
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14. Packet Telephony vs. Circuit-Switched Telephony
More efficient use of bandwidth and equipment
Lower transmission costs
Consolidated network expenses
Increased revenue from new services
Service innovation
Access to new communications devices
Flexible new pricing structures

15. Call Control

16. Distributed Call Control

17. Centralized Call Control

18. Packet Telephony Components

19. Real-Time vs. Best-Effort Traffic
Real-time traffic needs guaranteed delay and timing.
IP networks are best-effort with no guarantees of delivery, delay, or timing.
Solution is quality of service end-to-end.
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20. Foreign Exchange Station Interface

21. Foreign Exchange Office Interface

22. E&M Interface

23. T1 Interface

24. E1 Interface

25. BRI

26. Physical Connectivity Options

27. Cisco IP Phone

28. Analog Voice Basics
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29. Local Loops

30. Types of Local-Loop Signaling
Supervisory signaling
Address signaling
Informational Signaling

31. On Hook

32. Off Hook

33. Ringing

34. Ringing (Cont.)

35. Pulse Dialing

36. Dual Tone Multifrequency

37. Informational Signaling with Call-Progress Indicators

38. Trunks

39. Foreign Exchange Trunks
Foreign Exchange Office
Connects directly to office equipment
Used to extend connections to another location
Foreign Exchange Station
Connects directly to station equipment
Used to provision local service

40. Types of Trunk Signaling
Loop start
Ground start
E&M Wink Start
E&M immediate start
E&M delay start

41. Loop-Start Signaling

42. Ground-Start Signaling

43. E&M Signaling Separate signaling leads for each direction
E-lead (inbound direction)
M-lead (outbound direction)
Allows independent signaling

44. E&M Type I

45. E&M Type V

46. E&M Type II

47. E&M Type III

48. E&M Type IV

49. Trunk Supervisory Signaling— Wink Start

50. Trunk Supervisory Signaling— Immediate Start

51. Trunk Supervisory Signaling— Delay Start

52. 2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversion and Echo
Echo is due to a reflection.
Impedance mismatch at the 2-wire to 4-wire hybrid is the most common reason for echo.

53. Echo Is Always Present
Echo as a problem is a function of the echo delay and the loudness of the echo.

54. Echo Suppression

55. Echo Cancellation

56. Analog-to-Digital Voice Encoding
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57. Digitizing Analog Signals
Sample the analog signal regularly.
Quantize the sample.
Encode the value into a binary expression.
Compress the samples to reduce bandwidth, optional step.

58. Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Digital to Analog
Decompress the samples, if compressed.
Decode the samples into voltage amplitudes, rebuilding the PAM signal.
Filter the signal to remove any noise.

59. Nyquist Theorem

60. Voice Compression Techniques
Waveform algorithms
PCM
ADPCM
Source algorithms
LDCELP
CS-ACELP

61. Example: Waveform Compression
PCM
Waveform coding scheme
ADPCM
Adaptive: automatic companding
Differential: encode changes between samples only
ITU standards:
G.711 rate: 64 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 8 bits/sample
G.726 rate: 32 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 4 bits/sample
G.726 rate: 24 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 3 bits/sample
G.726 rate: 16 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 2 bits/sample

62. Compression Bandwidth Requirements

63. Mean Opinion Score

64. Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement

65. Signaling Systems
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66. T1 Digital Signal Format

67. Robbed-Bit Signaling

68. Channel Associated Signaling—T1

69. E1 Framing and Signaling

70. Channel Associated Signaling—E1

71. Common Channel Signaling

72. ISDN ISDN Standards-based Part of network architecture
Definition for access to the network
Allows access to multiple services through a single access
Used for data, voice, or video
Standards-based
ITU recommendations
Proprietary implementations

73. ISDN Network Architecture

74. Layer 3 (Q.930/931) Messages