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The Viceroyalty of New Spain

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1 The Viceroyalty of New Spain
Colonial Mexico The Viceroyalty of New Spain

2 Consolidating New Spain
The Spanish Claims on America Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Casa de Contratación (1503, Seville) Council of the Indies (1524) Settling New Spain Extending the Conquest: Nuño de Guzmán, Francisco Coronado, Juan de Oñate The Legacy of Cortes The Threat of Foreign Competition

3 Spain and Portugal separated all remaining land on the Western Hemispere by an imaginary line called the line of demarcation everything east of this line belonged to Portugal all land west belonged to Spain. An agreement that split South America between Spain and Portugal. Treaty between Spain and Portugal supported by the Pope dividing the, mostly undiscovered, new world between them. Signed in 1494.

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5 Administering an Empire
The Viceroyalty of New Spain The “Republic of Spaniards” The Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, Luis de Velasco (the elder) The Audiencia Oidores The Visitador: Royal Oversight Corregidores, Alcaldes Mayores, or Gobernadores

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7 The Local Context The Cabildo [Ayuntamiento]
Town Councils Tensions between Local and Royal Agendas The Growth of Local Aristocracies Peninsulares and Criollos: The Distinction Emerges

8 The “Republic of the Indians”
Corregidores de Indios The Role of the Cacique Indian Depopulation The “Indian Question” The Encomienda The Power of Encomenderos The New Laws of the Indies (1542) Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (the 1550 debate) The Repartimiento

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10 The Spanish Imperial System
The Imperial Monopoly Mercantilism A Fragmentation of Authority The State as All-Present, but Not All-Powerful “I Obey but Do Not Comply.”

11 The Economy of New Spain
Politic & Social Structure: *Atèpetl (small towns)=Señorio *Tlatoani=Cacique *Señorios=Tribute/Evangelization *Señorios=Ayuntamientos/Cabildos Noble=Mayor Militar Goverment=Civil Goverment Hernan Cortes=Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza The Example of Cortes The Advance of the Hacienda Hacendados Marriage and Entail An Unstable Elite, at first Agriculture & Livestock Mining Zacatecas, San Luis Postosí The Quinto (Royal Fifth) The Beginnings of Manufacturing Obrajes

12 Spain actively fostered the mining industry
Spain actively fostered the mining industry. Between 1546 and 1548 vast silver deposits were uncovered in Zacatecas, which swiftly grew to be the country's third largest city ó surpassed only by the capital and Puebla. Booms later hit Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Pachuca and Taxco. By the early 17th Century, Zacatecas was producing a third of Mexico's silver and a fifth of the total world supply. Mining however was a secondary enterprise compared to agriculture. Indispensable to sustain a growing colonial society, farming and ranching quickly became New Spain's principal occupations.

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15 During the Novohispana Trade Unions were created (1592) in order to improve the activity in New Spain.They started with institutions like the first University, The Real y Pontificia Universidad (1551)and hospitals to poor people.

16 REAL Y PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD
Neither women nor Indies, even though meztizos were able to attend. Also when students graduated, they should prove their racial purity, it means became from spanish christians, with no mixture of race.

17 RACIAL PURITY This racialist ideology allowed the Spaniards to erect colonial New Spain according to race. A clearly defined social and racial structure existed of three distinct groups: a White Spanish elite minority exercising economic, social, civil, legal and political domination, a large vanquished indigenous population and a mass of enslaved Blacks that remained at the lowest rungs of the social hierarchy. The Spanish notion of race thus became an entirely fictitious ideology and social construction they applied and imposed on diverse people as being distinct and separate species with clearly defined physical, social, mental abilities among other attributes, imbedded in their concept of ìpurity of blood.î

18 The first Franciscan missionaries, sent by Carlos V at Cortes request, arrived in Mexico in 1523 and By 1559 there were 300 Franciscan friars at 80 missions throughout Nueva España. They were followed by the Dominicans (1525), the Augustinians (1533), and finally, the Jesuits (1571). Altogether some 12,000 churches were built during the three centuries of Spanish rule over Mexico.

19 Fray Pedro de Gante, the first of New Spain's distinguished missionary educators. The Dominican friar BartolomÈ de Las Casas, who rose to become Bishop of Chiapas, was nicknamed "Father of the Indians" for his staunch defense of the Indians' legal rights. Fray Toribio de Benavente, fondly dubbed MotolinÌa (meaning "poor one"), was a self-sacrificing man dedicated to protecting the natives. The first archbishop of Mexico, Fray Juan de Zum·rraga, was another steadfast advocate for the indigenous people who, in conjunction with Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, established the renowned Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco school for the sons of Indian nobles. He earned the moniker "Protector of the Indians" after founding of the Santa Fe hospices in Mexico City and Paztcuaro, where aid was dispensed to the poorest of natives.

20 Perhaps the most significant religious event of the Colonial period was the apparition of the Virgin Mary (1531) to a newly converted Indian baptized with the name Juan Diego. While walking across Tepeyac, a hill located just north of the capital, he is said to have beheld a resplendent vision of a dark-skinned woman. She entreated him to go to Bishop Zum·rraga and request that a temple be built in her honor on the sacred grounds where the Aztecs had worshipped their mother goddess Tonantzin.

21 Alcoman Monastery

22 Altar at National Cathedral

23 Interior View, Cholula Cathedral

24 Cuernavaca

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27 San Jose Mission, San Antonio

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29 Valladolid

30 Yaxcabá (in the Yucatán)

31 The Church in Colonial Mexico
The Spanish “Patronato Real” Secular and Regular Clergy The Church vs. the Encomenderos The Accession of Phillip II (1559) Eroding the Church’s Position The Work of Conversion The Inquisition, 1571 “Syncretism” Wordliness Fueros, Property Accumulation

32 Colonial Society The Vagaries of Race The Status and Role of Women
Peninsulares, Criollos Mestizos Indians Africans Becoming “White” The Status and Role of Women Population in Mexico

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