1. Week: 3 Energy Budgets
Dr. Ir. Happy Nursyam, MS

2. Energy Budgets IF I = E Growth = 0 I < E Growth =
Intake ( I = Income)
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats/Oils
Proteins
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Essential
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Sugars
Energy Use (E = Expenditure)
Respiration
Osmoregulation
Movement
Feeding
Digestion
Reproduction IF
I = E Growth = 0
I < E Growth =
I > E Growth = +

3. A Transition Zone - Energetics
Hormonal Control
Ingestion
Storage
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Mobilization
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Protein
Adsorption
Renal
Stomach
Intestinal
Excretion
Growth
Reproduction

4. Bioenergetics Models Basic Bioenergetics Equation
Consumption = Growth – Respiration – Waste or C = G – R – W
Expanded Equation
Consumption = Growth – Standard Metabolism – Activity – Digestion – Feces – Urine
Or C = G – RS – RA – RD – F – U
Winberg Equation
G – 2 RS
Consumption =
1 – (RD + F = U)
Production Based Model
Production (Over Specified Interval) = Growth (Over Interval) X Mean Biomass
(Over Interval Or P = G . B)

5. Bioenergetics (Continued)

6. Energetics – A Question of Temperature First Order Kinetic Equations for Enzyme Action

7. Second Order Kinetic Equations

8. Energetics (Continued)
Proteins and Amino Acids
Fish have higher protein requirements than terrestrial vertebrates (20 – 55% vs. 12 – 25%)
Carnivores – High up to 60% of diet
Low cost associated with homeothermy in cold temperature
Ease of excretion
Herbivores
Can digestion protein
But depending on experimental conditions growth vs. % protein in diet will vary
Limiting factor is essential amino acids

9. Energetics – Some Considerations
Use of Fish Protein vs. Plant Protein
Fish meal is becoming and issue
Salmon offal often contains pathogens requiring pasteurization
Examples
Salmon use Salmon
Tilapia use poultry waste
Growth is Protein Based

10. Constraints on Growth Food Quality Food Quantity
Digestible vs. Indigestible
Ratio
Availability of Digestible
Micro Macro Nutrient Ratio
Prey (sasaran) Shifting
Ontogenetic Shifts
Food Quantity
Prey Availability
Herbivore Compensation
Microbial Digestion to Produce VFAs

11. Protein Based Energy Assimilation Nature of Food
Invertebrates
Algae
Increasing Protein
Macrophytes
Detritus
Increasing Energy Assimilation