1. Anatomy and Physiology
Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology

2. State Standards
51) Outline the structure and function of the male reproductive system. Include information about the anatomy of the spermatozoa, the ducts of the system, accessory glands, and semen.
52) Summarize in a written, verbal, or digital format the structure and function of the female reproductive system, and the hormones that affect the multiple stages of the menstrual cycle.
53) Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

3. Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to:
Define and distinguish terms pertaining to the reproductive system
Differentiate between the major organs of the female reproductive system
Differentiate between the external reproductive structures of the female.
Explain the process of menstruation.

4. Functions of the Reproductive System
Houses organs capable of accomplishing reproduction.
Manufactures hormones necessary for the development of the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.
Females- estrogen and progesterone
Males- testosterone
Discussion: Applying what you know about the other body systems, which one also plays a part in hormone production?

5. Female Reproductive System

6. Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System Functions
Produce ovarian hormones: estrogen and progesterone
Produce, nurture, and sustain developing ovum
Accomplish delivery of an infant

7. Primary vs. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Born with
Organs of reproduction (ovaries, uterus, vagina)
Sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
External female Anatomy
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Develop during puberty
Breasts
Pubic hair
Discussion: Which primary sexual characteristic impacts the development of secondary sexual characteristics? Hint what begins to change as you reach puberty.

8. Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Female Organs/Tissues
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Urethral Meatus
Labia minora
Labia majora
Discussion: Applying knowledge of the body cavities, which body cavity are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina located in?

10. Ovaries Primary sex organs of the female
Located on either side of the pelvis
Shape and size of a large almond (3 cm long, cm wide)
Attached to the uterus by the broad ligament.
Discussion: Describe the ovaries location in relation to the uterus using medical terminology.

11. Ovaries Perform 2 functions:
Produce female reproductive cells (Ova/Egg)
Produce Estrogen and Progesterone
Contains thousands of sacs called follicles where Ova/eggs mature
These follicles are in varying stages of development
Normally an Ova matures and is released every 28 days
Discussion: What would happen if this process malfunctions and 2 Ova mature and are released at one time?

12. Ovulation
Ovulation is the process of the Ova breaking out of the ovary.
Occurs 2 weeks before the menstrual period.
During a woman’s reproductive years, she will release 400 Ova.
After it is released it travels down the fallopian tube to be fertilized.
Discussion: Theorize that the Ova has become fertilized in the fallopian tube, but the fertilized Ova becomes trapped in the tube and can not make its way to the Uterus. What do you think will happen? What is this called?

13. Fallopian Tubes 2 tubes about 4 inches long
Attached to the Uterus and not the Ovaries
Curves over the ovary and opens into the abdominal cavity
Infundibulum- end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary
Fimbriae- area over the ovary with fringelike folds move and sweep the Ova into the fallopian tube and towards the uterus.
Theorize: Since the ovary and end of the fallopian tube are not attached, what can potentially happen to a Fertilized Ova? Hint, where might it migrate to?

15. Uterus Hollow, thick walled, pear shaped, and muscular organ
Nongravida (non-pregnant) uterus- 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick.
Uterine cavity is small and narrow
During pregnancy it greatly expands for the growing baby and fluid.
Discussion: Determine by looking at this diagram, what organ does the uterus lie behind if you are looking at the body anteriorly? What organ is behind the uterus?

16. Uterus
Layers of the uterus
Myometrium- extremely thick, smooth, and muscular
Endometrium-inner mucous layer, lines the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina
The uterus is divided into 3 parts
Fundus- bulging rounded upper part
Body- middle portion
Cervix- cylindrical lower narrow portion that extends into the vagina.
Discussion: Applying what we have learned about the uterus, which part would house a growing baby?

17. Vagina
Short canal from the cervix to the vulva (outer opening of the vagina)
Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane
Has the ability to stretch to accommodate childbirth and intercourse.
Discussion: Looking at the anatomy of the reproductive system, what other structure needs the ability to stretch and dilate to accommodate childbirth?

18. External Female Anatomy
The external female genitalia contains the external organs of reproduction.
Consists of the…
Mons pubis- pad of fat covered by pubic hair
Vestibule- area surrounding the opening of the urethra and vagina
Urethra- small opening to the urinary tract
Labia minora-inner skin flap surrounding the opening to the vagina
Labia majora- outer skin flap surrounding the vagina
Peritoneum- area between the vaginal opening and the rectum
Discussion: Describe the location of the urethral opening in comparison to the vaginal opening using medical terminology.
Applying what you know about urinary tract infections and the urinary system, how would you educate a new mother to wipe a female infant when changing a diaper?

20. Breasts
Consist of lobes of secreting cells and ducts that connect to the nipple
Prolactin from the pituitary gland stimulates milk production after childbirth.
Outer structures of the breast include the…
Nipple-sight of milk secretion
Areola- dark circle around the nipple that helps the baby to find the proper place to latch to feed.

21. Activity
With a partner read the menstrual cycle diagram, and create an informational brochure for a pre-teen girl that explains the process of menstruation. You need to have visual representations, and explain the process in a way that a younger audience will understand. You also need to explain basic female anatomy with visual representation.
Individually complete the Female reproductive system model worksheet. Follow the directions, you will be labeling and coloring the different structures different colors.
Individually complete review questions 2, 4, 5, p. 447 & p. 448 and completion questions 6, and 7 on p. 449.

22. Reproductive Anatomy of the Male

23. State Standards
51) Outline the structure and function of the male reproductive system. Include information about the anatomy of the spermatozoa, the ducts of the system, accessory glands, and semen.
52) Summarize in a written, verbal, or digital format the structure and function of the female reproductive system, and the hormones that affect the multiple stages of the menstrual cycle.
53) Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

24. Objectives Students will…
Differentiate between the major organs of the male reproductive system
Trace the path of semen from creation, through the male structures of reproduction.
Compare and Contrast Female and male anatomy.
Identify the male hormones of reproduction.

25. Male reproductive system functions
The male reproductive system functions…
Creation of the male sex hormone testosterone
Production of spermatozoa to fertilize an egg for reproduction.
Delivery of sperm to the reproductive structures of the female.
Discussion: Applying what you know about female reproductive anatomy, compare its functions to the functions of the male reproductive system.

26. External and Internal Reproductive Structures
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Ejaculatory Ducts
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
External
Scrotum
Penis
Discussion: Why would we consider the testes and internal structure, rather than an external structure?

27. Testes Primary male reproductive organs
Paired and housed in an external sac called the Scrotum to ensure that they do not get too warm.
Produce the male gametes, spermatozoa and testosterone
Each teste is the size and shape of a small egg
Discussion: Applying what you learned about female anatomy, what female structure could you compare the testes to that have a similar function?

28. Internal structures of the Testes
The tunica albuginea covers the testes
Each Testis contains 250 Lobules
Each Lobule contains tiny twisted structures called seminiferous tubules
Hormones stimulate the production of sperm in the cells that line these tubules.
Once formed, sperm move down these tubules into the epididymis
The epididymis connects the testes with the Vas deferens

29. Vas Deferens There is a Vas deferens for each teste
They are a continuation of the epididymis
Run from the epididymis up through the inguinal canal, then down toward the urinary bladder to the seminal vesicle under the bladder
2 functions
Storage site for sperm cells
Excretory duct of the testis
Discussion: Applying what you know about female reproductive anatomy, which structure has a similar function to the Vas deferens?

30. Seminal Vesicles Pair of curled glands posterior to the bladder
Produce secretions which nourish and protect the sperm on its journey through the female reproductive system.
Create openings called the ejaculatory ducts that allows sperm and seminal fluid to flow to the prostate.
Discussion: Applying knowledge of the female reproductive system, where do the sperm nourished by seminal fluid have to get to in order to fertilize an egg.

31. Prostate Gland
Surrounds the opening of the bladder leading into the urethra
It is the shape and size of a chestnut.
Contraction of the prostate gland closes off the urethra during ejaculation to prevent the passage of urine through the urethra along with semen.
Produces a thin milky fluid that enhances sperm movement.
Discussion: Using medical terminology, describe the location of the prostate in relation to the bladder.

32. Bulbourethral Glands and Urethra
Located on either side of the urethra below the prostate gland.
Add alkaline fluid to the semen
This alkaline fluid is needed to help the sperm survive the acid environment of the female reproductive tract.
Urethra
Extends from the bladder down the length of the penis
Path for both urine and semen
Discussion: Contrast the urethra of a male with the urethra of the female.

33. Descent of the Testes
In the embryo the testes are formed and developed in the abdominal wall slightly below the kidneys
During the last 3 months of fetal development the testes migrate downward into the scrotum.
While descending the testes carry the Vas deferens, its blood supply, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Discussion and Research: What is the condition in which the testes do not descend and stay in the abdomen? Apply what you know about the testes, what will happen to them if they stay in the abdomen?

34. Anatomy of the Sperm Cell

35. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=_5OvgQW6FG4
Fertilization Video
v=_5OvgQW6FG4
6 minutes

36. Activity
With a partner complete the Fertility Lab activity located under the class website. You will need to complete all 4 case studies. Make sure you read the information at the top and the directions for the activity. Individually complete review question # 1 on p. 447 and the matching questions on p.448