1. Personal Computing & the Internet
Workshop 2

2. Outline Personal Computers Software and User Interface Connectivity
Altair 8800 Kit
Apple II
IBM PC
Software and User Interface
Smalltalk
MacIntosh
Windows
Connectivity
Arpanet
World Wide Web
Search
Social Networking

3. Altair
In 1974 the Altair microcomputer kit was sold for about $400. It could be programmed in Altair Basic.
Bill Gates talks about Microsoft and the Altair ( mins /\)
TSS: Homebrew Computer Club (9 mins/\)

4. Apple II
In 1977 Steve Wozniak introduced the Apple II for about $1,300.
Legendary Founders - Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak, Apple (17 mins /\)
Apple II Review (4 mins /\)
Steve Jobs: Man in the Machine (2015) (2 hours)

5. IBM PC 1981
This Day In History: August IBM Personal Computer Released ( min /\)
Microsoft Founders, Paul Allen and Bill Gates
IBM PCJr 1984

6. Smalltalk 1980
Adele Goldberg presenting Smalltalk-80 from Xerox PARC (3 mins/\)
The Smalltalk-80 Programming System ( mins /\)
Alan Kay Part 1
Talks about computer education (following Papert) (9 mins /\)

7. Macintosh
Apple Macintosh (1984)
1979 Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC
Screens had bitmapped graphics
User interface was intuitive
Desktop metaphor
Icons representing documents
Folders for file directories
Mouse for clicking and dragging
Steve Jobs presenting the first Mac in 1984 (5 mins fuzzy)
Macintosh 1984 Promotional Video - with Bill Gates! (3 mins /\)

8. Windows 1985 Microsoft released Windows I (shoddy)
Steve Jobs to Bill Gates “You’re ripping us off! I trusted you and now you’re stealing from us!”
Gates to Jobs: “Well, Steve, I think there’s more than one way of looking at it. I think it’s more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it.”

9. Intergalactic computer network
1962 J. C. R. Licklider conceived a global computer network at Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Goal: Allow computers to communicate
Different locations
Different operating systems
Different programming languages

10. Origins of the Internet – The Arpanet
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) supported research at diverse campuses
The projects required extensive computer resources
The computers systems differed and could not communicate with each other
Research was often duplicated
Nuclear annihilation threat
With communications down countries could not respond in a measured way
This favored pre-emptive attack
Robust communications would give more time for a deliberate response
ARPAnet - the team behind the internet (6 mins /\)

11. Network topology The balls are nodes (computers)
The lines are links (wires)
Which topologies have a single point of failure? (node or link)
Which topology is most likely to survive an attack?

12. Packet Switching Goal: Remove need for a dedicated circuit
                  
Packet Switching
Goal: Remove need for a dedicated circuit
Messages broken into small packets
Packet headers contain addressing + meta information
Packets may be routed differently to balance network traffic
At destination message is reassembled
Missing or damaged packets are resent
Developed independently by Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation and Donald Davies in the UK

13. Standards and Protocols for Network Communication
1983 OSI Reference Model as published
International protocol to enable communication
How does a packet travel the network? by Susana Rios (3 mins /\)
Understanding the OSI Reference Model (10 mins – gets technical /\)
High Tech Heroes #32: Paul Baran (28 mins /\)

14. Why the Web Works
Jonathan Zittrain: The Web as random acts of kindness (20 mins)

15.
1971 Ray Tomlinson at BBN developed a way to send electronic mail to a user on another computer. He invented use of to address the target computer.
~1975 Distribution lists created, i.e. SF- Lovers.
Raymond Tomlinson, Who Put Sign in , Is Dead at 74

16. The World Wide Web
From The Guardian
Tim Berners-Lee - Uniform resource Locator (URL) used to address a document on a remote computer.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) used to describe a page in a web browser including embedded links, URLs to documents.
Tim Berners-Lee: The next Web of open, linked data (17 mins /\)
Marc Andreessen On The Internet's Early Days – Talks about developing MOSAIC browser at Univ. Of Illinois (4 mins /\)

17. Search Engines
Alta Vista Launched 1995 created by DEC, subsumed into YAHOO and shut down in 2013
Alta Vista ad featuring Garry Kasparov (1 min /\)
Terry Winograd
Thesis advisor Seymour Papert
Spcialty: human-computer interaction HCI
At Stanford had students Larry Page & Sergei Brin
How Search Engines Work (6 mins /\)
Chart showing How Google Works

18. PageRank Algorithm A web search scores many hits
They are arranged in descending order of importance
By an algorithm named for Larry Page??
A page’s rank is largely determined by links into it from other pages
Links in from major sites such as on-line newspapers count more
Links out from a page also count a bit
Most users do not look beyond the first page or two of results
From Wikipedia. Mathematical PageRanks for a simple network, expressed as percentages. Page C has a higher PageRank than Page E, even though there are fewer links to C; the one link to C comes from an important page and hence is of high value.

19. Social Networking 2003 MySpace
2004 Facebook The Illustrated Story of Facebook (2 mins /\)
Mark Zuckerberg : How to Build the Future (25 mins)
Sherry Turkle: Connected, but alone? | TED Talk (20 mins)