1. Ιχθυολογία

2. “jawed fishes” Class Chondrichthyes- χόνδροι Class Osteichthyes- οστά
Subclass Elasmobranchii- καρχαρίες, ράτζες, μουδιάστρες
Subclass Holocephali- χείμερες
Class Osteichthyes- οστά
Subclass Dipnoi- πνευμονόψαρα
Subclass Crossopterygii- κοιλάκανθοι
Subclass Actinopterygii- σύγχρονοι οστεϊχθύες

5. Class Chondrichthyes: (Cartilaginous Fishes)
general diagnostic characters:
reduced dermal armor
cartilaginous endoskeleton & girdles
tricuspid teeth
gill slits
fins: two dorsal, no anal, stiff pectorals, flexible pelvic
heterocercal tail

6. 1st Elasmobranch Radiation
diagnostic characters:
shark-like appearance
terminal mouth; amphistylic jaw suspension
unique tooth replacement
claspers

7. 2nd Elasmobranch Radiation
diagnostic characters:
heterodont dentition
unique pectoral & pelvic fin arrangements
heterocercal tail

8. Extant Forms
Elasmobranchii [sharks (360 species) , skates & rays (456 species); appear in the Jurassic

9. diagnostic characters of sharks
hyostylic jaw suspension & rostrum
cranial kinesis- allows consumption of large food items
pectoral girdle fused ventrally
placoid scales
lack gas bladder; liver provides buoyancy (~ 25% of body mass).

10. Hyostylic Jaw Suspension

11. sensory systems lateral line system (mechanoreceptors)
ampullae of Lorenzini (detects electrical impulses)
acute chemosensory
tapetum lucidum
internal fertilization and large female investment; oviparity, ovoviviparity, & viviparity

12. Placoid Scales

13. Shark Egg Case

14. diagnostic characters of skates & rays
hard teeth with flat crowned plates; mostly adapted for feeding on benthic invertebrates
swimming via undulations of pectoral fins
stingrays (family Dasyatidae) modified placoid scales form a sting at the base of the tail
manta rays (family Mobulidae) plankton feeders

15. Cartilaginous Skeleton

16. Sharks

17. Sting Ray

18. Manta Ray

19. Class Osteichthyes: “bony fishes”
most abundant and diverse vertebrates >21,000 species
bony scales (enlarged in the head region)
operculum covering the gills
stream-lined; laterally compressed
ossified endoskeleton; secondarily lost in some species

20. Dipnoans subclass Dipnoi- "double breathers"; lungfishes
upper jaw fused to the brain case; large, crushing tooth plates
two dorsal fins
paired fins

21. Crossopterygians
dominant fresh water predators during the Devonian period
rhipidistians (ancestor to amphibians) & coelacanth; Latimeria (extant)

22. important structural characteristics:
lobed fins with elements connecting to pectoral & pelvic girdles
autostylic jaw suspension- jointed braincase (jaw connects directly to the brain case)
labyrinth tooth- complex folding of the enamel

24. Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes)
most modern bony fishes; subclass Actinopterygii
important structural characteristics:
ganoid scales
distinctive pectoral & pelvic girdles
fins attach to the body via flexible fin rays
instead of a fleshy lobe
branchiostegal rays
no internal nares

25. “bony fish”

26. Paddlefish

27. Sturgeon

28. Fish Diversity

29. Smallmouth Bass

30. Green Sunfish

31. Catfish

32. Oklahoma Non-game Fish