1. FINGERPRINTING A TOOL FOR IDENTIFICATION

2. DNA Profiling A method of Forensic identification
DNA Fingerprinting or
DNA Profiling
A method of Forensic identification
DR.I.HAQUE
CFSL,MHA

3. This unique pattern of individual DNA is called DNA Profiling
What is DNA Profiling?
Using different state- of the- art techniques a definite DNA pattern is generated to individualise the person just like “ Fingerprinting”.
This unique pattern of individual DNA is called DNA Profiling OR
DNA Fingerprinting

4. DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID1
DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA
The illustration is a ‘model’ of the double helix forming part of a DNA molecule
(Slide 14)

5. Simple DNA Structure
The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”.
There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

6. A C T G G A T
DNA-DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID C

7. DNA
DNA
Gene
Protein
Trait

8. DNA Fingerprint Basics
Different individuals carry different alleles.
Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the number of repetitive base sequences they contain.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA along these repetitive sequences.

9. Who Invented it?
The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985.
He was knighted in 1994.
Alec Jeffreys

10. VICTIM?
Rape
Murder
Burglary
Violent Crimes
CRIME SCENE
CRIMINAL?
A TRIANGLE OF CRIME

11. Locard Exchange Theory
DNA Evidence
Locard Exchange Theory
The Locard Exchange Theory states
that when two objects come into contact, there will be an exchange of material. This may involve transfer between two individuals, an individual and the crime scene or between the crime scene and another location.

12. Nucleus
Single Cell

13. Genome organization
DNA
DNA
mRNA
Protein
Chromosome
Nucleus
Cell

14. Human Genome

15. Applications … genetic diseases
Non-coding region
individual identification / forensic applications, etc.
genetic diversity
chromosome rearrangements
chromosomal origin
association studies
linkage analysis
marker-assisted selection (MAS)
livestock and crop improvement
assessment and management of biodiversity
molecular taxonomy
Coding region
genetic diseases
disease diagnostics
pharmacogenomics

16. Colin Pitchfork, aka The Black Pad Killer
                                  
First DNA Cases: By Dr. A. Jeffreys
FORENSIC FIRSTS: DNA Profiling and the Colin Pitchfork Case
Colin Pitchfork, aka The Black Pad Killer

17. Simple paternity

18. Blood
Semen/ sperm
Body tissue/ skin
Bone/ bone marrow
Hair/ hair roots
Saliva/ bite marks
Urine
Teeth/dental
Fecal material
Mucous

19. DNA FINGERPRINTING IS POSSIBLE FROM
Biological Stains on Any Matrix Like- Saliva, Semen, Blood on:
CLOTHINGS (Pants, shirts, sarees, salwar-kurta,blouses, under garments, etc.)
Beddings (Blankets, Bed Sheets, Pillow Covers)
Carpets
Cars and Car seats
Guns
Shoes
Cigarette Butts
Hairs
Bones
Teeth
Finger Nail
Tissues
Blood Stains
Semen Stains

20. 15. Vaginal Secretions
16. Chewing Gum
17. Razor Blades
18. Tooth Brush
19. Stamps and Envelops
20. Ear Rings
21. Nasal Secretions
22. Ear Wax
23. Watches
24. Coffee Cups, Coke Cans, Beer Bottles,etc.
25. Ski Masks (Saliva and Hair)
26. Caps (Hairs)
27. Shirts (Neck area for sweat)
28. Tooth Picks
29. Eye Glasses & Lenses

21. Femur
Skull
Human Bite Mark

22. FORENSIC APPLICATIONS
a)  Murder/Attempt to murder
b)  Rape/Sodomy/other sexual offences
c)  Accidents/mass Disaster
d) Identification of mutilated bodies (Fake encounters/ Identification of Skeletal Remains
e) Parentage Disputes/ Baby Sweeping Cases/ Missing Identity
F) Burglary/Threatening/Crime Scene Investigation etc .
APPLICATIONS

23. Soft Tissue
CASE DNA SAMPLES FROM DIFF. SOURCES
Saliva
Seminal Fluid
Saliva
V.S
Bones
Cig. Butts