1. ORGANIZING LIFE’S DIVERSITY
Chapter 17 Classification
Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

2. Classification is…
A way of grouping objects together based on similarities
In the beginning---plants were grouped based on people who ate them—
Edible
Non-edible
The history of the Tomato-1820 Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson announced that at noon on September 26, he would eat a basket of tomatoes in front of the Salem NY courthouse—aka “love apple”

3. Scientists Who Developed Classification

4. Aristotle: Greek Philosopher
Developed 1st method of classification
Classified into 2 major groups
Plants: herbs, shrubs or trees
Animals: According to where they lived: land, water or air

5. Carolus Linnaeus Plants: based on reproductive structures
Animals: based on evolutionary traits
Selected physical characteristics based on close relationships of organisms

6. Carolus Linnaeus Invented the 2-word naming system to identify species
called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
Bi (2) Nomial (name)
Scientific Name:
Genus: 1st word: consist of closely related species
Species: 2nd word: consist of description of the species.

7. Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.
uses Latin words
scientific names always written in italics
two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

8. RULES OF BINOMAL NOMEMCLATURE
Genus is ALWAYS capitalized & is 1st
Species is ALWAYS lowercase & is 2nd
BOTH ARE ITALICIZED OR UNDERLINED!!!
Homo sapiens
Felix tigerus
F. leo
F. domestica

9. A genus includes one or more physically similar species.
Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related.
Genus name is always capitalized.
A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
always lowercase
always follows genus name; never written alone
Tyto alba

10. Subspecies
Biologists refer to variations of a species that live in different geographic areas as subspecies
A subspecies name follows the species identifier

11. Subspecies: Alabama Beach Mouse
This mouse is one of several subspecies of old field mice which live only in coastal sand dune areas. Living isolated from other beach mice for thousands of years has allowed each subspecies to develop its own slightly unique characteristics suited to its particular beach environment.
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates
Other Subspecies: Perdido Key beach mouse, Choctawhatchee beach mouse, Santa Rosa beach mouse, and St. Andrews beach mouse. They differ from the ABM and each other in coloration and body size

12. Subspecies identifier

13. Many organisms have common names that can be misleading.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES:
Many organisms have common names that can be misleading.
Example: a sea horse is a fish, not a horse.
Also, it is confusing when a species has more than one common name.

14. Common Names
All newly discovered species are given Latin names because it is no longer used
Do not tell you how organisms are related or classified
Can be misleading
Confusion can occur when organisms have more than one name

15. Scientific names help scientists to communicate.
Some species have very similar common names.
Some species have many common names.

16. Taxonomy is…
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics
Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists

17. Taxonomists
Is a useful tool in helping identify unknown species– if a child has eaten a mushroom & You do not know whether it is poisonous…
Important to the economy- often discover new sources of lumber, medicines & energy…

18. Dichotomous Key
Organisms can be identified easily by using a dichotomous key
Animals around the world use the same identification system
A Dichotomous key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement

19. Using a dichotomous key to identify money!

20. How are living things Classified?
Felix tigerus

21. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
White oak: Quercus alba
A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.

22. Order of Taxa
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, & Species
Can you remember it this way?
Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Surfaces?

23. Important Facts
Linnaeus version of hierarchy of organization was made of only 2 kingdoms-animals & plants
Modern biologists adopted this system, but added several other kingdoms, as well as domains (categories above kingdoms)

24. 3 Domains of Life The three domain names 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
All living things seem to be related by ancestry to one of these

25. Woese and the 6 Kingdoms
Biologists Carl Woese proposed in 1977 a 6-kingdom system that divided the then 5 kingdom into two new kingdoms; Archaebactera and Eubacteria
In 1990, Woese introduced
the 3 domain system that is
still used today

26. Domain Bacteria Oldest known fossils appear as bacteria
Include prokaryotes in the Kingdom Bacteria
one of largest groups on Earth
classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused.
Do not have a true nucleus
Oldest known fossils appear as bacteria

27. Domain Archaea Includes prokaryotes in the Kingdom Archaea
cell walls different from bacteria
differences discovered by studying RNA
Known for living in extreme environments (sulfur springs, deep-sea thermal vents, salty lakes…)
Some produce methane (as waste)
Some are Autotrophs
Thought to be the earliest organisms on Earth

28. Domain Eukarya Includes all Eukaryotes: most familiar Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Have true nucleus, complex cellular organelles

29. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
Each level is included in the level above it.
Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

30. Order of Taxa
The smallest taxon is species. Organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed belong to the same species.
The next largest taxon is a genus—a group of similar species that have similar features and are closely related
Mountain
lion

31. Taxonomic rankings
Compare the appearance of a lynx, Lynx rufus, a bobcat, Lynx canadensis, and a mountain lion, Panthera concolor.
Lynx
Mountain
lion
Bobcat

32. Section 17.1 Summary – pages 443-449
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Lynx
Species
Lynx
rufus
Lynx
canadensis
Bobcat
Lynx
Section 17.1 Summary – pages

33. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence.
The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time.
Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

34. Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

35. Introduction to Classification

36. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species.
evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data
shown with branching tree diagrams

37. Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees.
classification based on common ancestry
species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

38. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics.
A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor.
Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor.
Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

39. basis of arranging species in cladogram
Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER
basis of arranging species in cladogram
more closely related species share more derived characters
represented on cladogram as hash marks

40. Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade.
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node.
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
DERIVED CHARACTER
NODE

41. Molecular data
may confirm classification based on physical similarities.
may lead scientists to propose a new classification.
DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

42. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae
The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
Archea
Bacteria
1959: fungi moved to own kingdom
1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

43. 6 kingdoms of life

44. 6 Kingdoms of Life

45. Monerans Most of these environments are oxygen-free.
The Monerans, are cells that lack a nucleus, are microscopic and unicellular
some are chemosynthetic, where others are photosynthetic.
Most of these environments are oxygen-free.

46. 2 groups of Monerans Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Prokaryotic Organisms
Unicellular
Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
Have a cell wall
Reproduce by Binary Fission

47. Protists
Some are plantlike
some are animal-like
Some are fungus-like

48. Protists are: Eukaryotic Unicellular Both Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Do Not Have a Cell Wall
Reproduce Asexually & Sexually

49. Fungi
Unicellular or multi-cellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment

50. Fungus are
Eukaryotic
Are Unicellular & Multicellular (only group that has that)
Heterotrophs (decomposers)
Have a Cell Wall
Reproduce: Asexual, Fragmenting, Budding

51. Plants contain chloroplasts and have cell walls
There are more than 250,000 known species of plants

52. Plants Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Have a Cell Wall
Reproduce: Asexual, Sexual

53. Animals Animals are multicellular heterotrophs
Nearly all are able to move from place to place.
Animal cells do not have cell walls

54. Animals Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs No Cell Wall
Reproduce: Asexual & Sexual