1. Biotechnology

2. The term of „biotechnology”
20.
The term of „biotechnology”
Biotechnology is a set of techniques based especially on molecular and cell biology; utilized for the generation of organisms with novel features.
1. Techniques used in basic and applied biology  broad interpretation
2. Techniques producing potentially applicable results  most frequent interpretation
3. Techniques used to produce product for gaining profit from selling them  narrow interpretation
1. Red biotechnology: in medicine
2. Green biotechnology: in agriculture
Generally, any technique that is used to make or modify the products of living organisms in order to improve plants or animals, or to develop useful microorganisms. In modern terms, biotechnology has come to mean the use of cell and tissue culture, cell fusion, molecular biology, and in particular, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology to generate unique organisms with new traits or organisms that have the potential to produce specific products. Some examples of products in a number of important disciplines are described below.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.
3. White biotechnology: in industry
4. Blue biotechnology: in aquatic and marine applic. 2

3. The fields of biotechnology
21.
The fields of biotechnology
Cloning
Environmental biotechnology
Recombinant proteins
Genetically modified organisms
Stem cell technology
Gene therapy
Tumor therapy
etc.
Generally, any technique that is used to make or modify the products of living organisms in order to improve plants or animals, or to develop useful microorganisms. In modern terms, biotechnology has come to mean the use of cell and tissue culture, cell fusion, molecular biology, and in particular, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology to generate unique organisms with new traits or organisms that have the potential to produce specific products. Some examples of products in a number of important disciplines are described below.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.

4. Biotechnology Gene technology-based approaches Non-genetic approaches1.
Biotechnology
Gene technology-based approaches
Non-genetic approaches
Knockout & transgenic organisms
Recombinant proteins
New stem cell techniques
microchips
Live vaccines
Gene therapy, immunotherapy
Industrial fermentation
Cloned organisms
Live vaccines
Monoclonal antibodies
Traditional stem cell technology
etc.

5. Recombinant gene technology2.
Intervention  Examination
Recombinant gene technology
Genomics

6. 22.
Protest by society

7. Protest by the society 23. 60’s: against conservatism
80’s: against nuclear power plants
2000’s against globalization
From 70’s until now: against gene technology and biotechnology
Cloning:personality rights
Stem cells: sacrament of life
Gene technology: dangerous
GMOs: unhealthy
Gene therapy:Creator’s business

8. Cloning 8

9. Cloning Types: According to the biological nature of clones
24.
Types:
According to the biological nature of clones
(1) Molecular cloning amplification of DNA fragments
(2) Cloning of cells from one cell to many cells with identical genotype
(3) Cloning of organisms genetically identical individuals from a cell or an organ
According to the aim of genaration
(1) Reproductive cloning geneartion of a new individual
(2) Therapeutical cloning production of stem cells
(a) Research or (b) therapy

10. Cloning Natural clones Asexual reproduction
25.
Natural clones
Asexual reproduction
(2) Sexual reproduction: identical twins
trofoblaszt
sejttömeg
belső
2 sejtes: külön placenta
5 nap: egy placenta, külön amnion burok
9 nap: egy amnion burok
10. Nap sziámi ikrek lehetnek

11. 26.
Plant cloning
Organ culture
Embryo culture
Callus culture
Adult plant
Adult plant
2 sejtes: külön placenta
5 nap: egy placenta, külön amnion burok
9 nap: egy amnion burok
10. Nap sziámi ikrek lehetnek
Cell culture
Protoplast culture
Cells of many plant species can be regenerated to whole plants (totipotency) 11

12. Micropropagation Aim: - multiplication 27. in the laboratory
- getting rid of viruses
- etc.

13. 28.
Embryo twinning

14. Robert Briggs Thomas King
Cloning
29.
2012
Nuclear transfer
John Gurdon
Robert Briggs Thomas King
1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, working on a frog, Rana pipiens, became the first to successfully transplant living nuclei in multicellular organisms.

15. Robert Briggs Thomas King Telomere shortening or
Cloning
29.
Nuclear transfer
1997
2005
Rana pipiens
Robert Briggs Thomas King
Frog A
Frog B
Frog B clone
1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, working on a frog, Rana pipiens, became the first to successfully transplant living nuclei in multicellular organisms.
Dolly
Sir Ian Wilmut
Egg
Skin cell
irradiation
nucleus
Telomere shortening or
Infection?

16. Cloning 30. (Nuclear transfer) 1a. 2. 3. 1b. 5. 6. 4. Skin cell
White headed
Skin cell
1a. 2.
electric shock
Fused cell
Black headed
Egg cell 3.
1b.
Removal of nucleus
Black headed 5.
White headed 6.
EMBRYO
DOLLY 4.
Surrogate mother

17. Cloning 31. DOLLY Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning Skin cell
White head
Black head
Cloning
DOLLY
Skin cell
Egg
Cell fusion
(or nuclear transfer)
Removal
of nucleus
Cloned embryo
Black head
White headed clone
Surrogate mother
Embryonic
stem cells
Black leg
Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

18. (Afghan hound skin cell)
32.
Cloning
How has snoopy been cloned?
DOLLY
Enucleated egg (mixed-breed bitch)
Snoopy
(Afghan hound)
Fusion
nucleus
(Afghan hound skin cell)
Surrogate mother
(Labrador terrier)
Hwang Woo Suk

19. Cloning 33. Cloned human (Kazahstan, 2008?) Medicine Skin cell
Egg cell
Removal of
nucleus
Cell fusion
(or nuclear transfer)
Cloned human
(Kazahstan, 2008?)
Cloned embryo
Medicine
Surrogate mother
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
THERAPEUTICAL CLONING
Cloned baby
Embryonic stem cells

20. The nucleus is reprogrammed during cloning
Epigenetikus öröklődés: 1 egyededen belül
34.
The nucleus is reprogrammed
during cloning
Cloned
baby
Egg
Nucleus
Cloned
zygote
Cloned
embryo
Nucleus
„time switcher”
Body cell (e.g. skin cell)
EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING

21. Cloning The ORIGINAL SIN 35. Cloned Evils Dangerous Organ donors
Cloned soldiers
Unnatural
Do not interfere to the Creator’s business
Personality rights

22. What is cloning good for?
36.
What is cloning good for?
Reproductive cloning
Basic research: propagation of individuals with identical genotypes →
→ animals with identical genetic backgrounds provide more reliable results in scientific experiments
Agriculture: propagation of advantageous breeds. Danger: lack of genetic variablilty →
→ a pathogen can exterminate the entire breed or species
Therapeutic cloning
Medicine: propagation of cells identical with the donor → in the experiments we obtain useful
information on the donor for his/her treating strategy (personalized medicine)

23. Human/animal chimeras and hybrids
37.
Human/animal chimeras and hybrids

24. Human/animal chimeras and hybrids
38.
Human/animal chimeras and hybrids
CHIMERA
HYBRID
mouse human
2008 England permission:
Cow/human hybrid
Chimeric cell group
chimeric mouse