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Do Now 3/1 Pick up the half-page from the front and glue it in your notebook. This is your warm up so spend 5 minutes working out an answer.

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Presentation on theme: "Do Now 3/1 Pick up the half-page from the front and glue it in your notebook. This is your warm up so spend 5 minutes working out an answer."— Presentation transcript:

1 Do Now 3/1 Pick up the half-page from the front and glue it in your notebook. This is your warm up so spend 5 minutes working out an answer.

2

3 Taxonomy is the science of classification.
 Classification the grouping of     information or objects based on    similarities.

4 copyright cmassengale
Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

5 copyright cmassengale
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

6 copyright cmassengale
Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

7 We only know about a fraction of the
  organisms that exist or have existed on Earth. Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to    each species they know about whether it’s alive    today or extinct.  The scientific name comes from one of two  “dead”  languages – Latin or ancient Greek.  Why use a dead language?

8 Mountain Lion

9 Cougar

10 Devil Cat

11 Ghost Cat

12 Screaming Cat

13 Puma

14 Florida Panther

15 There are at least 50 common names for that animal shown.
Common names often vary according to region. Soooo……why use a scientific name?

16 Binomial Nomenclature
    a two name system for writing scientific names. The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).     The species name is written second (never capitalized).     Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor Which is the genus? The species?

17 Binomial Nomenclature
copyright cmassengale Which TWO are more closely related?

18 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain     Kingdom     Phylum (Division – used for plants)        Class            Order                Family                                                     Genus                     Species  BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

19 copyright cmassengale

20 The grouping of organisms into DOMAINS and KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
1. Cell Type  (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number  (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

21 Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
1. Cell Type: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

22 Prokaryotic Cell

23 Eukaryotic Cell

24 2nd criteria for Domain and Kingdom Divisions:
    Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

25 Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down.

26 • Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
Includes newly discovered cell types Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Includes other members of old kingdom Monera Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Domain Eukarya Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells – Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae

27 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

28 Do Now 3/2 Go through and summarize your notes from yesterday.

29 What you need for Each Kingdom
Domain in which it belongs Cell Type Number of Cells Cell Wall Presence Type of Nutrition Type of Reproduction Examples

30 Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- Live in very harsh environments
extremophiles

31 copyright cmassengale
Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

32 Eubacteria It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

33 copyright cmassengale
Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

34 Bacteria come in 3 main shapes
Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Rod or Stick (bacilli) Sphere (cocci) Helical or spiral (borrelia)

35 Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs

36 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

37 Protists Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

38 Protista Kingdom There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

39 Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

40 Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever)  Giardia

41 Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness  Trypanosoma

42 Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

43 Protists Disease Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

44 Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Protists Nutrition Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

45 Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic
They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

46 Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Penicillin Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

47 Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
Athlete's Foot

48 Fungi Ringworm

49 Fungi Nutrition All fungi are absorptive heterotrophs
   - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter -  Mutualists – live symbiotically -  Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

50 common bread molds There are 4 main types of Fungi
(classified by how they reproduce) Zygospore (Zygosporangia) common bread molds reproduce by “spores”- asexual reproduction!

51 There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)
Mushrooms & puffballs Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)

52 There are 4 main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)
Pharmaceutically important! Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted COMMERCIALLY important! Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

53 Do Now 3/3 Students were discussing the classification of their new class pet, Mr. Crabby the hermit crab, when their teacher asked, “Which are most closely related, hermit crabs from the same domain, class, or family?”

54 Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… they are autotrophs

55 Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Conifers (Gymnosperms)
4 important plant groups are the: Non-vascular Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Vascular Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Conifers (Gymnosperms)

56 Nonvascular Plants - Mosses
the simplest of all land dwelling plants  lack an internal means for water transportation  do not produce seeds or flowers - fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

57 Mosses

58 Liverworts & Hornworts

59 Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

60 Gymnosperms Conifers (pine cones) Oldest vascular plants

61 Angiosperms - flowering plants

62 Do now 3/3 Arrange the following plant groups into a cladogram:
Bryophytes (moss) Pteridophytes (ferns) Gymnosperms (conifers) Angiosperms (flowers)

63 Kingdom Animalia All animals are:
Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

64 Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kingdom
Body Symmetry 1. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves.

65 2. Radial Symmetry Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

66 3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

67 2nd Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics
Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

68 Kingdom Phylum Major phylums of animals are… Subphylum Class Order
Family Genus species

69

70 Porifera: sponges

71 Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers
Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

72 Nematocyst

73 Another Cnidarian – the Hydra
Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent

74 Mollusks Octopi, squid

75 Mollusks Clams, oysters

76 Mollusks Snails, slugs

77 Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria Human liver fluke

78 Flatworms – PLANARIA Hermaphrodites Planaria – capable of regeneration
fertilize their own sex cells internally zygotes are released into water to hatch Planaria – capable of regeneration being studied to understand stem cells ability to differentiate.

79 Annelids (segmented worms)
Worms & leeches

80 Arthropods Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

81 Echinoderms Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

82 Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone)
Phylum: Chordates The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) Bilateral symmetry Endoskeletons Closed circulatory systems Nervous systems with complex brains Efficient respiratory systems

83 Phylum: Chordates Reptile Fish Tunicates Amphibian Bird Mammal

84 Phylum: Chordates

85 The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

86                                                             

87 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

88

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