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Chapter 18.1: Finding Order in Diversity

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1 Chapter 18.1: Finding Order in Diversity

2 Chapter 18.1 Essential Questions
What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics? How did Carolus Linnaeus group species?

3 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms.
This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified.

4 What is Classification?
Classification: Arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy (aka systematics) Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying, and naming living things.

5 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

6 Why Classify? Answering Questions: How many known species are there?
What are the defining characteristics of each species? What are the relationships between these species?

7 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

8 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

9 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist
Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat: land, sea, or air dwellers

10 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 “Father of Taxonomy” Classified organisms
by their structure Binomial nomenclature Two-word scientific name (Genus & species)

11 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature Genus species Latin or Greek
Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Parus major

12 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?

13 Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms Must be approved by International Zoological Congress This prevents duplicated names

14 Classification Groups
Taxon (taxa-plural): Category into which related organisms are placed (groups that have biological meaning) There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Phylum (Division is used for plants.) Binomial system { Most Specific

16 Taxonomic Groups Domain – 3 major categories
Kingdom – 6 major categories Phylum – Groups of similar classes Class – Group of similar orders Order – Group of similar families Family – Group of similar genera Genus – Group of similar species Species – Individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

17 Binomial Nomenclature
Due to modern taxonomy using DNA, pandas are now reclassified in the clade Ursidae with other bears. Pandas are more closely related to bears than red pandas. Which TWO are more closely related?

18 copyright cmassengale
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti! copyright cmassengale

19 Dichotomous Key Key used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in paired statements Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

20 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 4 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped– 5… copyright cmassengale

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22 A Growing System Organisms are still being discovered and classified.
Modern systematics Groups species by evolutionary relationships as opposed to similarities.  Peacock spider: Maratus jactatus

23 Chapter 18.2: Modern Evolutionary Classification

24 Chapter 18.2 EQ What is the goal of evolutionary classification?
What is a cladogram? How are DNA sequences used in classification?

25 Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of lineages. Phylogenetic Systematics aims to group species based on lines of evolutionary descent.

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27 Evolutionary Classification
Clades – Group of species that includes a common ancestor and its descendants. Cladogram – Branching diagram showing relatedness among evolutionary lineages b/w organisms. Branching diagram showing relative degrees of relatedness among evolutionary lineages between organisms.

28 Cladogram Nodes (branch points)
Result from speciation, showing the point where 2 lineages shared a common ancestor. Cladogram of vertebrates

29 Cladograms The bottom (root node) represents a common ancestor of the entire cladogram.

30 copyright cmassengale
Cladograms How recently lineages share a common ancestor reflects how closely the organisms are related. More recent common ancestors (nodes) reflect closer evolutionary relationships. copyright cmassengale

31 copyright cmassengale
Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

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33 Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures same structure, different function Similar embryo development Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Example: Red panda & giant panda

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35 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

36 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

37 Chapter 18.3: Building the Tree of Life

38 What are the 6 kingdoms of life? What does the tree of life show?
Chapter 18.3 EQ What are the 6 kingdoms of life? What does the tree of life show?

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40 copyright cmassengale

41 Domain BACTERIA Kingdom – EUBACTERIA -Unicellular and prokaryotic
-Contain cell walls -Some may cause DISEASE -Found in MOST HABITATS Important decomposers for environment - Commercially important making foods cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

42 Domain:ARCHAEA Kingdom – ARCHAEBACTERIA Live in HARSH environments
◦unicellular and prokaryotic ◦1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments -Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) -Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) -Hot Springs or Geysers -Very salty water (Dead Sea) - Halophiles Hot springs and geysers that are acidic and sulfur-rich (sulfolobus)

43 Domain: Eukarya Consists of 4 kingdoms: Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)

44 Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Can Be Either
Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic Aquatic

45 Protists are the most difficult to classify
More closely related to other species than each other (paraphyletic)

46 Fungi Multicellular -Except yeast
Absorptive heterotrophs -Extracellular Digestion Cell walls made of chitin Chitin: (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world

47 Plantae Multicellular Absorb sunlight Photosynthesis Cell walls
-Autotrophic Absorb sunlight Photosynthesis Cell walls cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.

48 Animalia Multicellular No cell walls Heterotrophs
Feed on plants or animals

49 Animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Cnidarians Mammals Flatworms Fish
True worms Reptiles Molluscs Amphibians Echinoderms Birds Arthropods

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