1. Bell Work #7
What is the difference between:
Nationality
Ethnicity
Race
How would you define your own nationality, ethnicity and race?
Objective: Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity and nationality. Analyze the effects of countries with great ethnic diversity.

2. Ethnicities and Nationalities in the British Isles
4 principal ethnicities
English (descendants of Germanic tribes)
Welsh (Celtic people)
Scots (Celtic people)
Irish (Celtic people)
2 nationalities
British (Great Britain/Northern Island)
Irish (Republic of Ireland)

3. Nationalism
Politicians and governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a nationality, promotes of sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others
Ways to show nationalism?
Positive impacts of nationalism?
Negative impacts of nationalism?
Example of a centripetal force – attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state

4. Conflicts Conflict can happen when:
There are several ethnicities within one nation
Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (United States??)
Ethnic groups are split between several nations
India/Pakistan, the Kurds

5. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Lebanon (Maronite Christians (Phoenicians), Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Druze (Arabs)
Concentrated in different areas of the very small country
Civil war between 1975 and 1990, End of war – each religion given half of Parliament seats
Sri Lanka (Sinhalese, Tamils, Moors)
War between Sinhalese and Tamils ( )
Sinhalese dominated government, Tamils feel they suffer discrimination
Tamils defeated in 2009, feel their defeat jeopardizes their ethnic identity
Iraq (Arabs – both Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Kurds) - Live in different areas
U.S. invaded and removed Saddam Hussein from power, became involved in a violent struggle among ethnic groups
Kurds supported U.S., Sunni and Shiite Muslims opposed but for different reasons
Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan

6. Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries
Iran (Persian, Azeri, Baluchi)
Persians – Shiite Muslims
Afghanistan (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara)
Current unrest dates from 1979 – rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government which was being defended by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, Soviet installed government fell in 1992
Faction of Pashtun (Taliban) gained control, imposed strict laws
Pakistan (Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtun)
Punjabi – most numerous ethnicity since ancient times
Punjabi converted to Islam
Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and move into camps

7. Ethnic groups divided among nationalities
Kurds – Sunni Muslims, distinctive literature, dress and other cultural traditions
Divided among several countries in western Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and others)
European Allies of WWI created an independent state of Kurdistan but Turks expanded territory under their control before treaty was ratified
Kurdistan became part of Turkey and disappeared as an independent state
Kurdish culture repeatedly suppressed, use of Kurdish language made illegal
Many unsuccessful attempts at independence – an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish state – stateless nation

8. Ethnicities in the Caucasus
The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

9. Ethnic groups divided among nationalities
End of British colonial rule divided Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan (2 separate areas)
East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971
Pakistan – Muslim, India – Hindu
Massive migrations because boundaries did not correspond precisely with territory inhabited by the 2 groups – led to killings by extremists
Region of Kashmir is disputed between Pakistan and India, 2 sides have maintained a “line of control”
Sikhs also fighting for independent state in India

10. Vice Episode
As you watch the episode over the dispute of the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, describe how the following issues outside of ethnicity and religion play a role in the conflict:
Presence of nuclear weapons
Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban
Sustainability of resources such as water