1. What Board Members Should Know About Copyright Compliance

2. Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders – Section 106 of United States Copyright Act
Reproduce the work (i.e. print rights)
2 Create derivative works from the original (i.e. arrangement rights)
Perform the work publicly (i.e. performance rights)
4. Distribute copies of the work by sale, lease or rent (i.e. mechanical rights)
5 Display the work publicly (i.e. synchronization rights)

3. Print Rights
This one is easy – BUY your music legally. One copy for every singer, instrumentalist, ASL interpreter, etc.
1. Independent Music Stores
Musical Source:
Earth Songs
2. On-line distributors: JW Pepper
3. GALA Resource Center: search “Repertoire”
Note: if you re-program music that you previous purchased and have lost copies or have a larger choir you must purchase additional copies.

4. What constitutes an arrangement?
Arrangement Rights
What constitutes an arrangement?
An arrangement is a musical re-conceptualization of a previously composed work.
No piece of music can be arranged without permission from the copyright holder unless it is in the public domain.
Costs: Payment to the copyright holder AND payment to the arranger
How to get permission:
Alfred Music Publishing
Hal Leonard
Tresona
Call the copyright holder directly (via web, BMI, ASCAP)

5. NEW Arrangement - Requesting a license to arrange
Start the process 6 months before you want to begin rehearsing. Earlier if a large or complicated arrangement.
Fill out the application completely or your request may be delayed.
Never make copies or start rehearsing a piece without permission to arrange in hand.

6. EXISTING non-published arrangement - Request a sub license
Start the request process at least 6 months before you want to begin rehearsing. Earlier if a large or complicated arrangement.
Never assume you can re-use an arrangement simply because another chorus performed it.
Most common licensing options for requesting to re-use an arrangement.
Alfred Music Publishing – existing sub-license
Tresona – licensing assistance especially for large works
Hal Leonard – currently negotiating sub-license options
Contact the copyright holder directly
Note: a choir or composer that arranged a piece of music cannot grant you the right to purchase that arrangement unless they own the copyright (which is rare).

7. The risks of non-compliance…
Decide who in your chorus is responsible for ordering legal music and make sure they are complying.
The chorus board is ultimately responsible. Make sure the chorus budget includes sufficient funding for legal choral music. If you are dramatically under-running your music budget it is not necessarily good news. You must follow up and find out why.
Notes: GALA choruses have been fined for non- compliance of these laws.
Buying legal music is also an important way to support composers and artists.

8. Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders – Section 106 of United States Copyright Act
1 Reproduce the work (i.e. print rights)
2 Create derivative works from the original (i.e. arrangement rights)
Perform the work publicly (i.e. performance rights)
4 Distribute copies of the work to the public by sale, lease or rent (i.e. mechanical rights
5 Display the work publicly (i.e. synchronization rights)

9. Performing choral music
Every chorus is also responsible to pay license fees for each performance that you produce. Most choirs pay an annual blanket fee which covers these licenses.
BMI: Broadcast Music, Inc (US choirs) ASCAP: American Society of Composer, Authors and Publishers (US Choirs) SOCAN: Supports licensing for Canadian and international composers and publishers
Board members need to ask if their chorus has licenses in place with ASCAP and BMI and if the quarterly reports and payments are current.

10. Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders – Section 106 of United States Copyright Act
1 Reproduce the work (i.e. print rights)
2 Create derivative works from the original (i.e. arrangement rights)
Perform the work publicly (i.e. performance rights)
4 Distribute copies of the work to the public by sale, lease or rent (i.e. mechanical rights
5 Display the work publicly (i.e. synchronization rights)

11. Recording choral music
If you record and distribute recordings of copyrighted songs you must obtain a mechanical license.
1. Harry Fox offers an on-line SongFile that may used if you are producing 2500 or fewer copies of a recording.
2. Alfred Music:
3. Request a mechanical license directly from the copyright holder.
4. Tresona
Tresona can assist with securing mechanical licenses.
You may sell your recordings for download through Tresona who will get your recordings out on web distributors such as CD Baby and Amazon.

12. Exclusive Rights of Copyright Holders – Section 106 of United States Copyright Act
1 Reproduce the work (i.e. print rights)
2 Create derivative works from the original (i.e. arrangement rights)
Perform the work publicly (i.e. performance rights)
4 Distribute copies of the work to the public by sale, lease or rent (i.e. mechanical rights
5 Display the work publicly (i.e. synchronization rights)

13. Web or broadcast rights, synchronization
Synchronization (“synch”) rights are the rights to include a composition in an audio-visual work such as You Tube videos.
Want to post your concerts or individual songs on YouTube? Typically, the song publisher grants synch licenses. 
Tresona may be able to assist with the acquisition of synch rights. Check on their web site for the song you are interested in.

14. Grand Rights Licenses are required when a copyrighted work is performed in a dramatic setting such as when it is used in connection with a choreographed dance or performed as a musical number in a play.
Grand rights licenses must be obtained from the copyright owner. Tresona may be able to provide assistance in obtaining grand rights.

15. GALA Resource Center: Search “Copyright”

19. What do you do if your chorus can’t afford $4,668
What do you do if your chorus can’t afford $4, for music for a single concert?
You must work with your artistic director to reprogram the concert to something your chorus can afford!

20. You don’t have to become copyright experts.
You do have to know enough to ask the right questions.
If you are not comfortable you are operating in compliance call one of the GALA 411 advisors and they will get you help.