1. University of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy
Done by: Elana Alsyouf Shifa hammash Esraa Farahat Maha Dasan Batool Mallouk

2. What are PROBIOTICS ??
definition put by FDA and WHO jointly is “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host.

3. Species applied in probiotic products
Lactobacillus
L. acidophilus
L. crispatus
Bifidobacterium
B. adolescentis
B. animalis
Non-lactics
Escherichia coli
Bacillus cereus

4. Desirable Probiotic Properties
acid and bile tolerance which seems to be crucial for oral administration
adhesion to mucosal and epithelial surfaces
antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria
bile salt hydrolase activity

5. Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity
Probiotics do not always colonize the intestinal tract to exert their effects, for example Bifidobacterium longum become part of the human intestinal microflora, but others like Lactobacillus casei indirectly affects as they pass through by remodeling or influencing the existing microbial community

6. Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity
Major probiotic mechanisms of action include:
enhancement of the epithelial barrier
increased adhesion to intestinal mucosa
concomitant inhibition of pathogen adhesion

7. Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity
Major probiotic mechanisms of action include:
competitive exclusion of pathogenic microorganisms
production of anti-microorganism substances
modulation of the immune system

8. Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea
Health benefits of Probiotics
Preventative and therapeutic
effects against diarrhea
well-known uses of probiotics is for diarrheal diseases prevention and management of acute viral and bacterial diarrhea as well as the control of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

9. Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea
Health benefits of Probiotics
Preventative and therapeutic
effects against diarrhea
benefit for travellers’ diarrhea and diarrhea disease in young children caused by rotaviruses can be treated by some spiecies like:
-Lactobacillus GG
-Lactobacillus reuteri

10. Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea
Health benefits of Probiotics
Preventative and therapeutic
effects against diarrhea
Probiotics can prevent or ameliorate diarrhea by effecting the immune system. And might prevent infection because they compete with pathogenic viruses or bacteria for binding sites on epithelial cells

11. Inflammatory bowel disease
Health benefits of Probiotics
Inflammatory bowel disease
Studies have shown an improvement in symptoms of IBD, pouchitis and ulcerative colitis with consumption of certain strains of lactobacilli

12. Inflammatory bowel disease
Health benefits of Probiotics
Inflammatory bowel disease
Lactic acid bacteria may improve intestinal mobility and relieve constipation through a reduction in gut pH.
It has also been reported that probiotic combination therapies may benefit patients with IBD.
 Saccharomyces boulardii in patients with Crohn's disease was found to extend remission time and reduce relapse rates.

13. Immunologic enhancement
Health benefits of Probiotics
Immunologic enhancement
lactobacilli used in dairy products can enhance the immune response of the host. Some organisms that have been identified as having this property are
B. longum
L. acidophilus

14. Immunologic enhancement
Health benefits of Probiotics
Immunologic enhancement
modulating immune system make bacilli attractive for health applications.
Enhanced phagocytic activity
of granulocytes
cytokine excretion in lymphocytes
increased immunoglobulin-secreting
cells in blood

15. potential benefits
Certain functional foods containing probiotic provide preformed lactase to gut and allow better digestion of lactose.

16. potential benefits
regulatory role of probiotics in allergic disease was to suppressive effect on lymphocytes' proliferation and interleukin-4 generation in vitro. Subsequently, the immune inflammatory responses to dietary antigens in allergic individuals were shown to be alleviated by probiotics,
this being partly attributable to enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and transferring growth factor-β

17. potential benefits
Probiotic bacteria also possess prophylactic and therapeutic properties. Other potential benefits include protection against vaginal or urinary tract infections, reduction in ulcers and intestinal tract infections, increased nutritional value, maintenance of mucosal integrity, reduction in catabolic products eliminated by kidney and liver,

18. potential benefits
stimulation of repair mechanism of cells, breaking down and rebuilding hormones, relieving anxiety and depression, formation, maintenance, or reconstruction of a well-balanced indigenous intestinal and/or respiratory microbial communities, inhibiting decalcification of the bones in elderly people,

19. Antimicrobial properties
The intestinal microbial community is a complex ecosystem, and introducing new organisms into this highly competitive environment is difficult. Thus, organisms that can produce a product that inhibits the growth of existing organisms have a characteristic advantage.

20. Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria
Antimicrobial properties
Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria
Probiotic
Compound
Lactobacillus GG
Wide-spectrum antibiotic
L. acidophilus
Acidolin, Acidophilin, Lactocidin, Lactocin B
L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus
Bulgarican
L. plantarum
Lactolin
L. brevis
Lactobacillin, Lactobrevin
L. reuteri
Reuterin

21. Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria
Antimicrobial properties
Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria
Probiotic
Compound
L. reuteri
Reuterin
L. sake L45, L. sake Lb706
Lactocin S, Sakacin A
L. johnsonii
Lactocin F
L. helveticus
Helveticin J
L. cremoris
Diplococin
Lactococcus lactis
Nisin, Lactostrepsin, Lactocin, Lacticin
Pediococcus pentosaceous, P. acidilactis
Pediocin
S. thermophilus
Streptophilin
Enterococcus faecium DPC1146

22. probiotics produce other acids, such as hippuric and citric acid.
Antimicrobial properties
beneficial microorganisms are used to improve the colonization resistance on body surfaces, such as GI, the urogenital, and the respiratory tract. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei produce lactic acid as the main end product of fermentation.
probiotics produce other acids, such as hippuric and citric acid.

23. Nutrient synthesis and bioavailability
Lactic acid bacteria causes alleviating symptoms of intestinal malabsorption , and produced lactic acid, which lowers the pH of the intestinal content and inhibits the development of invasive pathogens such as Salmonella spp. or strains of E. coli 

24. Nutrient synthesis and bioavailability
Bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis may enhance the bioavailability of protein and fat and increase the production of free amino acids, short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

25. Selection of probiotics
The selection criteria for a lactic acid bacteria to be used as ‘probiotic’ include the following ability to:
(i) exert a beneficial effect on the host
(ii) withstand into a foodstuff at high cell counts, and remain viable throughout the shelf-life
(iii) withstand transit through the GI tract

26. Selection of probiotics
(iv) adhere to the intestinal epithelium cell lining and colonize the lumen of the tract
(v) produce antimicrobial substances towards pathogens
(vi) stabilize the intestinal micro flora and be associated with health benefits.

27. Probiotics and prebiotics
Prebiotics are non-digestible substances (dietary fiber) that exert some biological effect by selective stimulation of growth or bioactivity of
beneficial microorganisms
Prebiotics are sources of energy for the micro flora

28. Probiotics side effects
1-Probiotics might theoretically cause infections that need to be treated with antibiotics, especially in people with underlying health
conditions.
2- increased the death rate of patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.

29. Probiotics side effects
3- People use probiotics more likely to develop a sensitivity to allergens
4-Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach

30. Probiotics and allergy
explanations for the increased prevalence of atopic diseases is called hygiene hypothesis . it suggests that the continuously increased hygiene results to reduced exposure
to a variety of microbes and consequently to a less diverse intestinal microbiota from early life onwards.

31. conclusion Probiotics showed beneficial effects on human health.
but, the development of probiotics for human consumption is still in its infancy, until researchers determine their safety and efficacy ,
Researches are improving every day , so it will have a bright future .

32. Thank you