1. Mr. Meester AP European History
A New Way of Thinking
Mr. Meester
AP European History

2. New Science
Several developments occurred in the scientific community in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays.
Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium emitted a similar form of energy.
JJ. Thomson formulated the theory of the electron.
Marie Currie discovers several new radioactive elements.
Ernest Rutherford developed the theory explaining the cause of radiation.
Albert Einstein developed his theories on relativity.

3. Literature
Realism and Naturalism were the main ingredients to literature of the late 19th century.
Charles Dickens wrote of the reality of life for the poor in industrialized England.
Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary is often considered the first realistic novel.
Emile Zola turned realism into a social movement.
L’Assormmoir discussed the problems of alcoholism.
Nana delved into the life of a prostitute.
George Bernard Shaw wrote about reality of love and war and not their romantic ideals.

4. Realist Art
Combined aspects & techniques of romanticism, classicalism, baroque, the renaissance, as well as other styles.
Had a high attention to detail
real/natural settings
Rejected the exaggerated emotion of Romanticism
Wanted to portray life at all levels as it truly was
Often portrayed the Industrial & Commercial Revolutions
Some prominent realists included: John Sargent, Gustave Courbet, and Edouard Manet.

5. A Burial at Omans Gustave Courbet 1851

6. Iron and Coal William Bell Scott 1860

7. Music in the Tuileries Edouard Manet 1862

8. Luncheon of the Grass Edouard Manet 1863

9. Madame X
John Sargent 1884

10. Modernism All areas of the arts were effected.
In music, painting, sculpture, and literature a new way of thinking progressed causing many changes away from traditional views.
Began in the late 1800’s but gained great popularity following World War I.
The Lost Generation

11. Impressionism Represents a distinct break from the past styles.
Involved the study of light often in outdoor settings
Concerned with capturing the essence not the details
Partially a reaction to the invention of photography
Techniques:
Short thick brushstrokes
Colors side by side, little to no mixing
Little use of blacks, darks were a mix of complimentary colors
Soft edges (wet paint on wet paint)
Unpopular with the upper class at first due to most impressionists being middle class.
Artists included Claude Monet & Pierre-Auguste Renoir

12. Impression Sunrise Claude Monet 1874

13. Waterlilies Claude Monet 1897

14. Luncheon of the Boating Party Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1880

15. Girl Braiding her Hair Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1885

16. Post-Impressionism It was an extension of Impressionism
Wasn’t a cohesive movement the artists pushed the boundaries of Impressionism
Often used exaggerated geometric forms
Sometimes used unnatural or arbitrary colors
New techniques were used such as Pointillism
Invented by Georges-Pierre Seurat
Involves painting using individual dots
Georges-Pierre Seurat & Vincent van Gogh

17. Sunday Afternoon Georges-Pierre Seurat 1884
Pointillism uses
small dots of paint
to create a larger
picture.

18. Sunflowers
1889
Self Portrait
1887
Vincent van Gogh

19. Starry Night Vincent van Gogh 1889