1. Americans on the European Front

2. Preparing for War
At first Americans only send a token force of 14,500 under John J. Pershing
By 1918 that force is up to 3 million
Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen would make up American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

3. Training
Before landing in France, each American soldier was sent to basic training
Original idea called for months of training, but the Western Front was such a meat grinder that men were sent over w/ little training

4. Americans in Europe Arrived June 1917
Energized fighters, who boosted morale of allied side
Known as “Doughboys”
A reference to either the white dust on boots of marines in Mexican War or big white buttons in Civil war
Brits known as “Tommies”

5. Russia Surrenders V.I. Lenin living in exile in Switzerland
Promises a Russian surrender if Germans get him back to Russia
Ludendorf and Hindenburg oblige and Nov Bolshevik Revolution
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

6. Western Front W/ Russia out, Germany sends all troops to West.
Break a 15 mile gap in British line and get 50 miles from Paris
U.S. will beat back Germans at Chateau-Thierry
“We build no trenches to fall back on. Marines hold where they stand.”

7. Counterattack With Germans retreating Paris is saved
Germans will launch one final offensive against French at the Marne, but French and U.S. hold and push Germans over river.
Aug. 8, Battle of Aimens – U.S. push Germans back to line in 1916.
“Black day for the German Army.”

8. Ending the War Ottomans and Bulgarians surrender
Austro-Hungarian Empire splinters
Germans ordered navy to fight one last massive battle against British
Sailors mutiny and soon does army
Germany defeated
Kaiser flees to Holland
Armistice signed on Nov. 11, 1918 in French railcar at Compeigne
Cease fire to commence at 11:00 AM that day
11th hour of 11th day of 11th month

9. Does anything look out of place in this photo? (Focus on the uniforms)

10. Cost of War Over 8 million dead soldiers
Countless civilians (total war)
Start of a new era of military weapons and war on a grand scale

11. Chapter 19, sec. 5
Treaty of Versailles

12. The Big 3 – Representatives of USA, UK, and France + Italy

14. Paris Peace Conference
Big Four: Vittorio Orlando (Italy), George Clemanceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s vision
Constantly compromised
Territories would be given Allies instead of surrendured

15. Redrawn map of Europe Austro-Hungarian Empire dismantled
Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia
Germany forced to surrender Poland and gains from Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Ottoman Empire dismantled
Saudi Arabia (independent), Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq (British), Syria and Lebanon (French)

16. Treaty of Versailles “Guilt Clause” – Germany responsible for war
Forced to pay 33 billion dollars in damages
Sent Germany into depression (wheelbarrow full of Deutschmarks would by a loaf of bread)
Signed in Hall of Mirrors
Same place Germany made France sign treaty to end Franco-Prussian War