1. The War on Terror

2. Hijackers, 15 Saudi, 2 Emiratis, 1 Jordan, 1 Egypt
Flight 11 and 175 Boston to LA hit WTC
Flight 77 DC to LA hit Pentagon
Flight 93 Newark to SF crashed in Shanksville
US airspace closed NATO take up air border security patrols
“The Pet Goat”

3. The Hamburg Cell Formed 1998 by University Students in Hamburg Germany
Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi Ramzi bin al-Shibh
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Architect of 9-11 plan 1996
Chance meeting with al Qaeda agent
Training in Afghanistan, chosen for 9-11 mission
Enroll in flight training schools in US

4. Global War on Terror Eradicate terror threats globally
Build alliances with other states to such ends
Target state sponsored terror; Iran, Iraq, Syria
Eliminate key leaders; bin Laden, Zarqawi, Omar
Defeat terror organisations; al Qaeda
Eliminate terror sanctuaries; Afghanistan, Sudan
Strengthen weak and failing states
Integrate domestic and international security and intelligence; Dept of Homeland Security

5. Freedom or Security Department of Homeland Security Patriot Act
Expanded law enforcement powers related to search and seizure, Increased power of financial regulation, Increased border security and immigration authority
The Terrorism Narrative and US foreign relations
Politicalisation of Terrorism
Who is a terrorist?

6. With us or against us? November 2001
"A coalition partner must do more than just express sympathy, a coalition partner must perform,“
"Over time it's going to be important for nations to know they will be held accountable for inactivity.“
"You're either with us or against us in the fight against terror."

7. Axis of Evil January 2002
North Korea "A regime arming with missiles and weapons of mass destruction, while starving its citizens.”
Iran "aggressively pursues these weapons and exports terror, while an unelected few repress the Iranian people's hope for freedom."
"Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror.
Outposts of Tyranny: Syria, Zimbabwe, Belarus, Myanmar, Libya, Cuba

8. Weapons Inspection Saga
1991 (UN 697) requires Iraq to eliminate WMDs, Inspections begin
Further resolution 669,707,715,949,1149,1289,1441
Iraq is often not cooperative banning inspectors from certain sites
Weapons inspections repeatedly suspended then resume
Some weapons and weapons material found
February 2002, Colin Powell speech to UNSC with evidence he argues that Iraq has misled inspectors

9. Justifications for War
Weapons of mass destruction
Connections with al Qaeda
Post 9/11 political environment
Marketing the War

10. Anti War 64% of Americans approved of military action
63% wanted to find a diplomatic solution
62% believed the threat of terrorism directed against the U.S. would increase due to war
3000 protests world wide, 36 million people
3 million in Rome, largest ever anti war protest
Opposed by US allies Germany, France, NZ

11. United Nations Security Council
A war mandate would require a super majority 9 of 15 with no veto from permanent members
UK - primary US supporter
France - would veto military intervention
Russia - would support a US-led war if things did not change
China - continued inspections.

12. Non-Permanent Members
Germany - would do all they could to avert war
Continued inspections: Cameroon, Chile, Guinea, Angola, Pakistan
Supported the use of military force even without UN backing: Bulgaria, Spain, Mexico
Syria: Sanctions should be lifted

13. Coalition of the Willing
48 Countries
Troops: US, UK, Poland, Australia
Italy, Spain, Denmark strategic and air support
Kurdish Peshmerga
Turkey refused coalition access to its air space

14. Invasion Coalition Iraq US (148,000) UK (45,000) 500,000 Troops
Australia (2,000) Poland (194) Peshmerga (70,000)
M1A1 Abrams Tanks
F-117 Stealth bombers
AWACS Guidance Systems
500,000 Troops
650,000 reserves
Soviet T-72 Tanks
Aircraft disassembled and buried

15. March 20 air and ground operations commence
April 10 Fall of Baghdad
May 1 Bush declares combat operations over
July 22: Uday and Qusay Hussein killed
September 3: First post-Saddam government
October/ November beginnings of large scale Sunni and Shi’ite insurgency

16. Capture of Saddam Hussein
13 December 2003 Near Tikrit
More than 8 months on the run

17. Trial and Execution Convicted of the Dujail Massacre 1982
Anfal Campaign, Iran–Iraq War, invasion of Kuwait; war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide
Saddam rejects legitimacy of the court
Judge, “State your name.”
Saddam, "You are an Iraqi, you know who I am.“
Trial criticized by rights groups as a ‘Kangaroo Court”

18. Outcomes Shi’ite dominated government Increased sectarian tensions
Changed the regional balance of power in favor of Iran
Creation of al Qaeda in Iraq which would become Islamic State (ISIS)

19. ‘Mr. President, it isn’t just a simple matter of going to Baghdad
‘Mr. President, it isn’t just a simple matter of going to Baghdad. I know how to do that. What happens after? You need to understand, if you take out a government, take out a regime, guess who becomes the government and regime and is responsible for the country? You are. So if you break it, you own it.'”

20. Is the world a safer place?
Al Qaeda decentralized but still relevant, especially in Yemen
Islamic State in decline but still relevant
No major attacks in US
But terrorism is Europe has increased
Boko Haram , al Shabaab in decline but AQIM still relevant
Libya, Iraq, Syria, Yemen are failed states
Pakistan and India increasingly becoming terror strongholds
Sectarianism in the ME still strong