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By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

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1 By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY
: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

2 Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles”
“The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

3 Causes of the War

4 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

5 Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

6 The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel III [It] Enver Pasha [Ottoman Empire] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

7 Europe in 1914

8 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

9 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

10 4. Aggressive Nationalism

11 Nationalism Exalting one nation over another and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests.

12 Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Russia wants to unite all Slavs under one banner. The “Powder Keg” of Europe

13 The “Spark”

14 Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family-heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
Sophie

15 June 28, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia Visiting City Hall
Serbian nationalist angry with A-H control over Balkan region Organized by the “Black Hand” Serbia provides the guns & training 7 conspirators 2 shots kill Sophie and the Archduke

16 The Assassination: Sarajevo

17 The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

18 Who’s To Blame?

19 The Powder Key Ignites? Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum
Serbia mobilizes Russia mobilizes Germany activates the Schlieffen Plan

20 The Schlieffen Plan Had to be preemptive to be successful
Invade neutral Belgium to strike at France

21 German Atrocities in Belgium

22 Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

23 Total War War Raw Materials Board-Germany
Auxiliary Service Law-age 17-60 Conscription Militarization-glorification of armed strength Socialist reality

24 Recruitment Posters

25 A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

26

27 Women and the War Effort

28 Financing the War

29 For Recruitment

30 Munitions Workers

31 French Women Factory Workers Most of the men were at war.

32 German Women Factory Workers
Women made munitions

33 Working in the Fields

34 A Woman Ambulance Driver

35 Red Cross Nurses

36 Women in the Army Auxiliary Used mostly at home, or with supply units.

37 Russian Women Soldiers

38 Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

39 Posters: Wartime Propaganda

40 Australian Poster

41 American Poster

42 Financing the War

43 German Poster Think of Your Children!

44 The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

45 A Multi-Front War

46 The Western Front

47 Trench Warfare

48 Hazards of Trench Warfare
Trench Foot Rats Body Lice= Trench Fever Heel Bone

49 area of land between enemy trenches
Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”: area of land between enemy trenches

50 Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Objective: to kill as many French as possible Each side had 500,000 casualties. French prevail

51 Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

52 The Somme – July, 1916 British attack—French to weak to help
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. British use tanks for first time

53 War Is HELL !!

54 Sacrifices in War

55 The Eastern Front

56 The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Objective: to capture Constantinople & open a supply line to Russia

57 Global War

58 Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

59 Turks Refuse to Recognize

60 Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800

61 T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
His objective: To create a civil war by organizing the Arab Bedouins against the Ottoman Empire

62 T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

63 The “Colonial” Fronts

64 Sikh British Soldiers in India

65 Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners

66 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

67 Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

68 America Joins the Allies

69 The Sinking of the Lusitania

70 The Zimmerman Telegram

71 The Yanks Are Coming!

72 Americans in the Trenches

73 The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

74 French Renault Tank

75 British Tank at Ypres

76 U-Boats

77 Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

78 “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

79 The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

80 Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

81 Looking for the “Red Baron?”

82 The Zeppelin

83 Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

84 Poison Gas Machine Gun

85 German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

86 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

87 The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

88 Costs of War Rebuilding Colonial gov’ts look for independence
Scapegoats Extremism Fear of Germany

89 Treaty of Versailles Guilt Clause=Germany is to blame
$30 billion in reparations=$2.7 trillion No heavy artillery, no tanks, no U-boats, no air force, no chemical weapons No more than 100,000 troops New nations=Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Poland, Estonia, Finland, Czech League of Nations: Wilson’s idea, but America rejects Mandates (territories administered by Western Nations through the League of Nations: Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Ghana, Tanzania, Rwanda

90 9,000,000 Dead

91 The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died

92 World War I Casualties


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