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By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY
: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY
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Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles”
“The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”
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Causes of the War
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1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
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Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
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The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers:
Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel III [It] Enver Pasha [Ottoman Empire] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]
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Europe in 1914
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1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%
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3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
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4. Aggressive Nationalism
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Nationalism Exalting one nation over another and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests.
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Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Russia wants to unite all Slavs under one banner. The “Powder Keg” of Europe
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The “Spark”
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family-heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
Sophie
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June 28, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia Visiting City Hall
Serbian nationalist angry with A-H control over Balkan region Organized by the “Black Hand” Serbia provides the guns & training 7 conspirators 2 shots kill Sophie and the Archduke
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The Assassination: Sarajevo
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The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip
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Who’s To Blame?
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The Powder Key Ignites? Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum
Serbia mobilizes Russia mobilizes Germany activates the Schlieffen Plan
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The Schlieffen Plan Had to be preemptive to be successful
Invade neutral Belgium to strike at France
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German Atrocities in Belgium
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Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!
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Total War War Raw Materials Board-Germany
Auxiliary Service Law-age 17-60 Conscription Militarization-glorification of armed strength Socialist reality
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Recruitment Posters
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A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
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Women and the War Effort
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Financing the War
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For Recruitment
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Munitions Workers
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French Women Factory Workers Most of the men were at war.
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German Women Factory Workers
Women made munitions
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Working in the Fields
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A Woman Ambulance Driver
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Red Cross Nurses
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Women in the Army Auxiliary Used mostly at home, or with supply units.
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Russian Women Soldiers
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Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!
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Posters: Wartime Propaganda
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Australian Poster
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American Poster
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Financing the War
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German Poster Think of Your Children!
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The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”
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A Multi-Front War
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The Western Front
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Trench Warfare
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Hazards of Trench Warfare
Trench Foot Rats Body Lice= Trench Fever Heel Bone
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area of land between enemy trenches
Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”: area of land between enemy trenches
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Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Objective: to kill as many French as possible Each side had 500,000 casualties. French prevail
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Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
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The Somme – July, 1916 British attack—French to weak to help
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. British use tanks for first time
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War Is HELL !!
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Sacrifices in War
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The Eastern Front
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The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Objective: to capture Constantinople & open a supply line to Russia
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Global War
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
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Turks Refuse to Recognize
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800
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T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
His objective: To create a civil war by organizing the Arab Bedouins against the Ottoman Empire
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T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
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The “Colonial” Fronts
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Sikh British Soldiers in India
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Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners
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3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
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Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China
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America Joins the Allies
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The Sinking of the Lusitania
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The Zimmerman Telegram
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The Yanks Are Coming!
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Americans in the Trenches
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The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology
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French Renault Tank
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British Tank at Ypres
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U-Boats
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
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“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
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The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.
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Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
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Looking for the “Red Baron?”
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The Zeppelin
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Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers
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Poison Gas Machine Gun
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German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918
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1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
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The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!
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Costs of War Rebuilding Colonial gov’ts look for independence
Scapegoats Extremism Fear of Germany
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Treaty of Versailles Guilt Clause=Germany is to blame
$30 billion in reparations=$2.7 trillion No heavy artillery, no tanks, no U-boats, no air force, no chemical weapons No more than 100,000 troops New nations=Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Poland, Estonia, Finland, Czech League of Nations: Wilson’s idea, but America rejects Mandates (territories administered by Western Nations through the League of Nations: Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Ghana, Tanzania, Rwanda
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9,000,000 Dead
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The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
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World War I Casualties
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