1. Developmental Theory
Development

2. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development
(B-2): Trust v. Mistrust
(2-4): Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
(4-6): Initiative v. Guilt
(6-12): Industry v. Inferiority
(13-19): Identity v. Role Confusion
(20’s & 30’s): Intimacy v. Isolation
(40’s, 50’s & 60’s): Generativity v. Stagnation
(70’s & Up): Ego Integrity v. Despair

3. Trust v. Mistrust
Hope
Considered the most important stage of development because it sets the stage for all of the other stages.

4. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
Independence
The child learns to say “no” in this stage to assert themselves as separate individuals.

5. Initiative v. Guilt Curiosity
The child often asks “why” in this stage.

6. Industry v. Inferiority
Skill/Competence
This is the stage in which the child tries to find out what they are good at and develop a skill. Boys especially are competitive but girls can be too.

7. Identity v. Role Confusion
Self-Esteem
The stage in which teenagers attempt to find themselves and fit in with others at the same time.
Role Confusion can be expressed in 5 major ways: Drugs/Alcohol, Bullying/Violence, Depression/Suicide, Eating Disorders, Promiscuity

8. Intimacy v. Isolation Love
This is the stage in which the individual attempts to connect to another human being. If the person can communicate and share, they experience intimacy.
People can be married and still be isolated. It shows itself in the same ways that role confusion appears.
Erikson considered stages 5 & 6 the most closely related stages and said you need identity to experience intimacy.

9. Generativity v. Stagnation
Purpose
The stage in which the parent serves as a role model for the younger generation. Mid-life Crisis is a synonym for stagnation when it is not handled well.

10. Ego Integrity v. Despair
Wisdom
Integrity is achieved when one looks back over their life and is satisfied.
Despair usually shows itself in 2 ways: depression and hostility

11. Bullying Occurs most during Middle School
Boys bully physically while girls bully verbally
Girls hang on to bullying situations longer than boys.
Schools have a moral obligation to help students overcome being bullied.

12. Depression
3 kinds of depression:
1) Mild-Moderate
2) Severe
3) Manic

13. Depression Signs Changes in eating/sleeping habits
Sadness/Withdrawal/Apathy
Aggression/Irritation/Violence
Drug & Alcohol Use
Drop in Grades
Promiscuity

14. Depression Causes Loss Relationship and Family Problems
School Pressures/Grades
Financial Problems
Trauma
Drug & Alcohol Use
Genetics

15. Depression Treatments
For Mild/Moderate: Exercise, Diet, Therapy
For Severe/Manic: Medication as needed
Support groups, alternative/herbal, meditation, reading

16. Suicide Females attempt 3/1 Males commit 3/1
Males use more violent methods

17. Suicide Myths Only crazy people attempt suicide
Attempting suicide makes a person less likely to attempt again
Talking about suicide increases the risk of a person committing suicide
Once you see depressed people get better, they are no longer at risk

18. Eating Disorders
Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity

19. Anorexia Definition: 15% or more under normal body weight
Distorted body image
Disgust for food

20. Anorexia Characteristics
Upper-middle class whites, ages 15-35
Perfectionism issues
Over-controlling mother-daughter relationships
95% female & 5% male

21. Bulimia Bulimics are usually within 5 pounds of normal body weight
2 Kinds: Binge-Purge & Binge-Non Purge
Correlation between bulimia and past sexual abuse
90% female & 10% male

22. Obesity
Definition: 30% or more over normal body weight and 30-40% in the U.S. are considered obese
#1 Killer in the U.S. today is Diabetes, caused by obesity.

23. Promiscuity
U.S. has the #1 teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world (Sweden is #2)
50% of all teens have had intercourse by high school graduation (Stat. is falling in the last 10 years)
40% of all sexually active females will be pregnant by age 17
80% of all those pregnant by age 17 will be pregnant again by age 19
15% of high schoolers have had sex with 4 or more partners throughout high school

24. Promiscuity Average age of the father of the child is 23
90% of these men leave
50% of teen mothers graduate high school
The abuse rate among teen mothers is 3 times the normal population of mothers

25. Birth Control
2 most effective methods not including abstinence: Pill & Condom
2 least effective methods: Rhythm & Withdrawal

26. Abstinence
Definition: Refraining from sexual intercourse until marriage
2 Main Factors: Faith & Father who verbalizes love

27. Rape Rape: The forced act of sexual Intercourse
2 kinds of rapists: Date/Acquaintance & Serial

28. Date/Acquaintance Rape
80% of all rapes are date/acquaintance (victim knows the rapist in some fashion)
Most likely place is in connection with the college scene
Alcohol/Drugs are involved in 50-60% of all rapes

29. Personality of the date/acquaintance Rapist
Macho, narcissistic, aggressive, history of aggression/violence, believes that he is a “gift” to girls and that they want him. Believes that it is not rape, but desired sex.
Ages 15-30, Single, White
Might even ask her out again
Follows her for an average of 2 weeks before he “strikes.”

30. Serial Rape 20% of all rapes are serial rapes
Rapist does not know the victim
Alcohol/Drugs are not involved
Rape is typically more violent and dangerous
A weapon is often carried
No commonality of location

31. Personality of the Serial Rapist
Typically violent, possibly dangerous and history of violent attacks, possibly a sociopath
Ages 30-50, could be married or single, could have kids or not, typically minority

32. Preventing Rape Before it Happens
Be aware of your surroundings
Trust your instincts
Travel in pairs/packs
Stay drug/alcohol free

33. Preventing Date Rape as it Happens
Don’t plan to physically win the battle
Tell him who you are and what he’s doing
Use the word rape
Make sure he knows you will follow through with prosecution and exposing him

34. Preventing Serial Rape as it Happens
Humanize yourself
Tell him your name, point out your family
Ask if he would want this to happen to someone he cared about
Continue to humanize yourself and to talk

35. Statutory Rape
Consensual sex between 2 people in which one is under the age of 18 and one is over the age of 18 (California). Some states have the age of consent at 17.
Some states have a shield law in which the law is not enforced if the relationship has existed for more than 2 years and the age difference is less than 2 years (California is not one of those states)

36. Statutory Rape Cont’d 2 ways of being “discovered”
Breakup which turns into hate
Parents who turn over the boyfriend

37. Stage 8 - Erikson
The stage in which the person looks back over their life and determines whether they have lived a satisfactory life or whether they have lived a regretful life.

38. Death & Dying Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of death & dying
-Denial: inability to admit death
-Anger: overcome by angry emotions
-Bargaining: promising to do more
-Depression: withdrawing from others
-Acceptance: coming to terms with mortality
-Hope: thinking about the welfare of others

39. Death & Dying
People can go through any order and be in one stage or get through all of the stages
Most people do get to acceptance at some point

40. Test 3 Review
10 Questions: Matching Erikson Stages with their basic meanings
8 Questions: Matching Erikson stages with their virtues
5 Questions: Matching Kubler-Ross stages with their basic meanings
2 Questions: Kubler-Ross Stages

41. Test 3 Review Cont’d 5 Questions: Bullying
5 Questions: Depression & Suicide
5 Questions: Eating Disorders
6 Questions: Promiscuity
4 Questions: Rape
Essay: Erikson’s 5 stage – Role Confusion Issues.

42. Test 3 Essay
Using Erikson’s 5th stage as a guide, discuss the importance of having good self esteem as a teenager and what can happen if a teen falls into role confusion. Include a paragraph on each of bullying, depression, eating disorders, and promiscuity. Discuss each problem and how teens deal with them effectively or ineffectively.