1. The Blood
Chapter 13

2. Objectives List functions of blood List main ingredients in plasma
Describe formation of blood
Name 3 elements and give function
Characterize the 5 types of leukocytes
Define hemostasis and 3 steps involved
Describe steps in blood clotting
Define blood type and explain relation between this and
transfusions
9. List possible reasons for transfusions
Define anemia and leukemia. Know the causes and types
Name several clotting disorders
12. Clarify tests used to study blood

3. Blood. Blood. Blood. Circulating blood is vital and Life sustaining!!!
Classified as connective tissue.
Average adult has approx. 5 liters

4. Functions of the Blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection

5. Blood Constituents (what’s in it!!)
Formed Elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma
Albumin
Clotting factors
Antibodies
Complement

6. Formation of Blood Cells
Come from blood forming stem cells.
These can be any of the blood cell types.
Blood cells are short lived, so normal bone marrow activity is crucial!
Formation of Blood Cells

7. Erythrocytes Disk-shaped and biconcave No nucleus
Carries oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin
Serves as a buffer
Measured by hematocrit
Normal value :
Most numerous of blood cells
Live 120 days
RBC production stimulated by erythropoietin
Need certain nutrients to maintain production

8. Leukocytes Round, colorless with prominent nuclei
Function to fight and destroy pathogens
Identified by their size, shape, nucleus and the presence of granules
Normal value: 5,000 – 10,000
Classified as Granulocytes or Agranulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

9. WBC’s Granulocytes Neutrophils : Phagocytosis
Eosinophils : Allergic reaction / parasitic
Basophils : allergic rxn / inflammatory
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes : immunity (t and b cells)
phagocytosis

10. Platelets Smallest of formed elements Normal range : 150,000 – 450,000
Not cells, but fragments
No nuclei, but have enzymes and mitochondria
Essential for clotting
First form plug,
then release chemicals

11. Hemostasis
Process that prevents blood loss from circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury. Involves:
Contraction
Formation of plug
Formation of clot

12. Blood Clotting Procoagulants promote clotting
Anticoagulants prevent clotting
Controlled process – 12 factors
Complicated
Occurs in response to an injury
Serum is the fluid after clotting factors have been removed

13. Blood Types A – Have A antigen B - Have B antigen AB – Have both
RBC’s that contain specific antigens (proteins)
Very important to monitor for transfusion reactions
A – Have A antigen
B - Have B antigen
AB – Have both
O – Has neither
Rh factor ( D antigen)
AB is the Universal Recipient
O is the Universal Donor

14. Rh Factor Rh compatibility is very important in pregnant women!!
Rh - mother can produce antibodies to Rh + fetus (received Rh + from father)
Not problem then, but if has another Rh + fetus, mother’s antibodies can attack and cause HDN.
RhoGAM

15. WHY WOULD SOMEONE NEED A TRANSFUSION???
Massive Hemorrhage
Blood Loss from Internal bleeding
During or after Surgery
Blood replacement for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
WHY WOULD SOMEONE NEED A TRANSFUSION???

16. Plasma
Can be given alone in an emergency to replace blood volume and prevent shock
Can be given to anyone (no RBC’s present)
Can be frozen and given later
Increase’s osmotic pressure (brings fluid back into circulation)

17. Results from a loss of RBC’s
ANEMIA
Results from a loss of RBC’s
Types:
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Iron-deficiency
Pernicious
Thalassemia

18. SICKLE-CELL TRAIT AND DISEASE
Inherited disease that is a type of anemia.
RBC’s are sickle- shaped
Fragile and break easily
Swelling, pain and abd pain
SICKLE-CELL TRAIT AND DISEASE

19. Leukemia Neoplastic disease of blood-forming tissue
Enormous increase in WBC’s
Exhibit general symptoms of anemia
No known cause
Treatments include chemo and bone marrow transplant
Two types:
- Myelogenous (cancer of the bone marrow)
- Lymphocytic (cancer in lymphoid tissue)

20. Clotting Disorders
Hemophilia – hereditary bleeding disorder (Factor VIII)
Von Willebrand disease – hereditary clotting disorder
Thrombocytopenia – most common and is deficiency of circulating platelets
DIC – widespread clotting disorder involving excessive coagulation

21. Blood Studies Hematocrit Hemoglobin women 12-15
- volume % of RBC’s in whole blood
- Normals : men 42-54%
women 36-46%
*Low values can indicate anemia and bone marrow problems
Hemoglobin
measures amount of Hb in RBC’s
Normals : men 14-17
women 12-15
*Can signify anemia, but useful in diagnosing sickle cell anemia specifically

22. Blood Studies Cont…….
RBC’s – (4.5 – 5) increase is called polycythemia
WBC’s – (5,000 – 10,000) low count is called leukopenia. Leukocytosis is high count over 10,000.
Platelets – (150,000 – 450,000) platelet loss is thrombocytopenia
Chemistry – tests for electrolytes, glucose, nitrogenous waste, BUN, creatinine, cardiac enzymes, lipids
Coagulation – PT/PTT

23. Review : Functions of blood Parts of blood Hemostasis Blood types
Blood disorders
Blood studies