1. Topic 1: Body Organization
Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm
>200 types of human cells
Embryonic stem cells
Created during earliest divisions
Potential to become any type of cell

2. Determination Determination
Process where stem cells commit to a specific type
Few weeks into development
Irreversible

3. Differentiation Differentiation
Process where cells acquire the structures & functions of a specialized cell
Specific genes activated
Ex: Nerve cells grow dendrites

4. Organization Cell: Basic unit Tissue: Group of cells 4 types
Organ: Groups of tissue
Ex: lung contains each tissue
Organ System: Group of organs working together
Digestive System
Organism: all organ systems working together

5. Body Tissues
Muscle: contracting cells
Skeletal, cardiac cells

6. Body Tissues
Connective Tissue: Support the body
Bone, fat, tendons

7. Body Tissues Epithelial: protection sheet of cells
skin, stomach lining

8. Body Tissues Nerve Tissue: Transmit electric signals
Brain & Spinal Cord

9. Topic 2: Homeostasis

10. Homeostasis
Process where the body maintains a constant internal environment
Reactions & enzymes work best in specific conditions
Control systems adjust to internal/external changes
pH, temp, fluids
Constant internal environment maintained

11. Control Systems Sensors (aka: receptors)
!*%!?%&#
Sensors (aka: receptors)
Gather information about the body and environment
Ex: skin senses pressure
Communication Center
Messages sent throughout the body to respond
Ex: Impulse travel through your nerves
Control Center
Receives information from the sensors
Ex: Brain interprets the impulse
Targets
Body part that changes its activity
Ex: Muscles in foot stretch/contract abruptly

12. Negative Feedback Loops
Regulates most of the body
Counters changes in the body that move conditions away from a set point
Reverses the change
Keeps internal environment stable

13. Positive Feedback Loop
Increases the changes away from set points
Important when rapid changes needed
Ex: Oxytocin released
When uterus contractions begin, oxytocin released to speed up the contractions (not stop them)

14. Working Together Thermoregulation: Maintenance of body temperature
Skin: sensors provide feedback to brain
Nervous & Endocrine system: send messages to/from brain
Muscles: Start to shiver

15. Homeostasis disruption
Sensors fail
Wrong messages sent
Message doesn’t reach target
Serious injury
Microorganism infection
Short Term
Temporary discomfort (usually)

16. Long Term: Diabetes Normal Cells
Glucose circulates in blood; pancreas releases insulin
High glucose levels: insulin opens gates of cells to allow glucose to enter
Glucose levels lowered
Type 1 Diabetes
Immune system destroys cells to produce insulin
Pancreas fails: no signal for gates to open = glucose accumulated in blood stream
Type 2 Diabetes
Low insulin production due to overworked pancreas
No signal for gates to open = glucose accumulated in blood stream

17. Topic 3: The Nervous System

18. Neurons AKA: Nerve Cells
Transfer electrical impulses to/from the brain
3 Main Parts
Cell body: contains nucleus and organelles
Dendrites: branches that receive messages from neighboring cells
Axon: extension that carries messages away from the cell body

19. Resting Potential Defined: Neuron at rest Neuron Exterior:
Positive charge
Mainly Na+ outside the cell
Neuron Interior:
Negative charge (from various proteins)
K+ inside the cell - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
APPEAR/HIDE

20. Action Potential Defined: Electrical impulse is triggered
Front end of impulse
Na+ enter the cell
Negative impulse attracted towards positive Na+
Back end of impulse
K+ exits the cell
Interior returns to normal charge
Impulse pulled along by the changing of electrical charges

21. impulse

22. Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+
negative impulse K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+
Na+ K+
Na+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+
Na+ K+ K+ K+
Na+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+ K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

24. Synapse Defined: Gap between neurons
Problem: Impulse cannot cross the gap
Solution: Impulse converted into chemical molecules (neurotransmitters)
Steps:
Impulse reaches neuron’s end
Vesicle releases neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters attach to neighboring neuron
New impulse created

26. Impulse stimulates a vesicle, which contains neurotransmitters
Vesicle exits the cell and dissolves
impulse
Start of another cell
End of one cell

27. Neurotransmitters stimulate a new impulse
cross the synapse and attach to receptors of a neighboring neuron
impulse
impulse
Start of another cell
End of one cell

28. Brain …. …. …. ….
Feet

29. Motor neurons reach the muscles
Impulse causes the muscles to stretch and contract…this causes MOVEMENT!

30. Topic 4: The Senses

31. Eye Anatomy Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Retina Protective layer of the eye
Colored part of the eye
Contains muscles to open & close the pupil
Pupil
Size adjusts with light
Small: more light
Large: less light
Lens
Focuses light onto the retina
Retina
Back of the eye
Contains rods & cones

32. Vision Process 1) Light passes through pupil#3 #2 #1
1) Light passes through pupil
2) Lens focuses light onto retina
3) Photoreceptors of the retina create impulses
Impulse travels up optic nerve to brain

33. Ear Anatomy Pinna Outer ear Eardrum
Amplifies sound by 3 bones: malleus, incus, stapes
Cochlea
Contains mechanoreceptors (measures pressure)

34. Sound Transmission
1) Sound waves (vibration of the air) enters the ear canal
2) Eardrum & the small bones vibrate
3) Fluid in the cochlea vibrates
4) Hair cells in the cochlea bend
5) Impulse transmitted through the auditory nerve and to the brain

35. Smell & Taste Nose Tongue Scent chemicals dissolve in mucus
Impulse travels from olfactory nerve to brain
Tongue
Chemicals dissolve in saliva
Chemoreceptors in taste buds creates impulse

36. Touch, Temperature, Pain
Mechanoreceptors in skin sense pressure
Upper layer: gentle touches
Lower layer: heavy pressure
Thermoreceptors & Pain receptors detect temps and chemicals released by damaged cells
Impulses sent to brain

37. Topic 5: The Immune System

38. The Skin 1st line of defense: physical barrier
Oils & sweat destroy some pathogens
Some cells burst
Some cells shrivel

39. Mucus Membranes Coat the openings of the body
Nose, mouth, ears, eyes, genitals, anus
Lined with cilia & sticky fluids to trap pathogens

40. White Blood Cells T cells: destroy infected body cells
Job: Search & destroy
1) Phagocytes: surround & engulf invaders by phagocytosis
2) Lymphocytes:
T cells: destroy infected body cells
B cells: Inactivate invaders

41. phagocyte
bacteria
phagocyte

42. Defense Proteins Complimentary Proteins Weaken cell membrane
Attract phagocytes
Cause microbes to stick to wall of blood vessel

43. Defense Proteins Antibodies Made by B cells Stick to pathogens
Causes pathogens to clump
More susceptible to phagocytes
Weakens the cell membrane
Causes them to burst

45. Defense Proteins Interferon Produced by virus infected cells
Stimulates uninfected cells to create infection preventing enzymes

46. Vaccination Prevents infections (not a cure)
Memory cells developed without actually getting the disease
Vaccine
Contains antigens of a pathogen
Weakened pathogen is injected
Stimulates the production of memory cells
Speeds up immune response if you encounter the unweakened virus
Vaccination

47. Topic 6: Blood 47

48. Components of Blood Whole blood RBCs WBCs
Platelets: cell fragments that aid in clotting
Plasma
90% water (allows materials to dissolve)
Amino acids, glucose, hormones, vitamins, salts, waste
Concentrations allows diffusion in/out of blood stream

49. Red Blood Cells Produced from stem cells in bone marrow
Lose nucleus as they mature
Transport O2 to cells
O2 binds to hemoglobin proteins
Dead cells filtered by liver & spleen

50. ABO Blood Groups Proteins on blood cells determined blood type
Antigen (markers)
proteins on cell’s surface that identify cells as foreign or natural
Antibodies:
proteins from WBCs to attack invaders
Float freely in plasma

51. Type A Blood
Antigens: A
Antibodies: B
Type B Blood
Antigens: B
Antibodies: A
Type AB Blood
Antigens: A, B
Antibodies: ----
Type O Blood
Antigens: ----Antibodies: A, B

52. Rh Factors Rh+ Rh- Have Rh antigens Lack Rh antibodies
Lack Rh antigens
Have Rh antibodies

53. Blood type AB+ Antigens: Which does they have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does they have? A B Rh

54. Blood type O+ Antigens: Which does they have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does they have? A B Rh

55. Blood type AB- Antigens: Which does they have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does they have? A B Rh

56. Blood type B+ Antigens: Which does they have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does they have? A B Rh

57. Blood type O- Antigens: Which does they have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does they have? A B Rh

58. Francis was just in a bad accident and lost a lot of blood
Francis was just in a bad accident and lost a lot of blood. He is blood type B+. Can you help save him?

59. Blood type B+ Antigens: Which does he have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does he have? A B Rh

60. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept B+ blood?
B antigens
Rh antigens B+
B antigens
Rh antigens B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
Yes. The A antibodies do not have A antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

61. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept B- blood?
B antigens B-
B antigens B-
B antigens
Yes. The A antibodies do not have A antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

62. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept A+ blood?
A antigens
Rh antigens A+
A antigens
Rh antigens A+
A antigens
Rh antigens
No. The A antibodies will attack the A antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

63. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept A- blood?
A antigens A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
No. The A antibodies will attack the A antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

64. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept AB+ blood?
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
AB+
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
AB+
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
No. The A antibodies will attack the A antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

65. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept AB- blood?
A antigens
B antigens
AB-
A antigens
B antigens
AB-
A antigens
B antigens
No. The A antibodies will attack the A antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

66. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept O+ blood?
Yes. The A antibodies do not have A antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

67. This person has B+ blood type because of the B and Rh antigens Can he accept O- blood?
No antigens O-
No antigens O-
No antigens
Yes. The A antibodies do not have A antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur.
Vein B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
A antibody

68. Sebastian was just involved in an accident at work and lost a lot of blood. He is blood type A-. Can you help save him?

69. Blood type A- Antigens: Which does he have? A B Rh
Antibodies: Which does he have? A B Rh

70. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept A- blood?
A antigens A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Yes. The B and Rh antibodies do not have antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur. A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

71. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept A+ blood?
A antigens
Rh antigens A+
A antigens
Rh antigens A+
A antigens
Rh antigens
No. The Rh antibodies will attack the Rh antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

72. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept B- blood?
B antigens B-
B antigens B-
B antigens
No. The B antibodies will attack the B antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

73. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept B+ blood?
B antigens
Rh antigens B+
B antigens
Rh antigens B+
B antigens
Rh antigens
No. Both B and Rh antibodies will attack the B and Rh antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

74. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept AB- blood?
A antigens
B antigen
AB-
A antigens
B antigen
AB-
A antigens
B antigen
No. The B antibodies will attack the B antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

75. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept AB+ blood?
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
AB+
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
AB+
A antigens
B antigens
Rh antigens
No. Both B and Rh antibodies will attack the B and Rh antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
B antibody
Rh antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

76. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept O- blood?
No antigens O-
No antigens O-
No antigens
Yes. The antibodies do not have antigens to attack. Therefore, no attacking and clumping of blood cells will occur. A-
A antigens
B antibody
Rh antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

77. This person has A- blood type because of the A antigen Can he accept O+ blood?
Rh antigens O+
Rh antigens O+
Rh antigens
No. Rh antibodies will attack the Rh antigens. This will cause the blood cells to clump, thus stopping blood flow. This person may die. A-
A antigens
B antibody
Rh antibody A-
A antigens A-
A antigens
Rh antibody
B antibody

78. Topic 7: Endocrine System

79. Endocrine System Overview
Physically disconnected
Controls growth, development, environmental responses
Glands: Major organs of the endocrine system
makes hormones
Hormones: chemical signals that move through blood
Hormones attach to cell receptor
Target cells produce proteins

80. Steroid and Non-Steroid Hormones
Naturally produced by the body
Travel through blood
Attaches to receptor of the target cell
Stimulate protein creation

81. Major Glands Glands create hormones Hypothalamus
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones
Helps controls growth, reproduction, body temp
Pituitary gland
Controls cell growth
Stimulates other glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth, development
Thymus
Allows WBCs to mature to fight infection

82. Major Glands Adrenal Glands Controls “fight or flight” response
Increases breathing, alertness, blood pressure
Pancreas
Controls glucose level in blood
Gonads: influence sexual development
Testes (males): produces testosterone
Ovaries: produces estrogen, progesterone

83. cold
hormone A
hormone B
hormone C

85. Effects of testosterone

86. Hypothalamus/ Pituitary gland
Thyroid
thymus
Adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes