1. The Human Body: An Orientation
Objectives
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Anatomy & Physiology Overview A.
Maintaining Life D.
Body Systems C.
Language of Anatomy F.
Levels of Organization B.
Homeostasis E.

2. A. An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
2. PHYSIOLOGY
study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy and Physiology are closely
intertwined, knowing the structure and shape
allows one to understand how the body works

4. 3. Levels of Study a. Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable1 2 4 3
a. Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable

5. 3. Levels of Study b. Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope

6. B. Levels of Structural Organization
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7. Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Click on the image to go back to slide 11

8. Skeletal Supports and protects body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
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9. Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat
Click on the image to go back to slide 11

10. Nervous Sends & receives messages
Brain
Nervous
Sends & receives messages
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Spinal
cord
Click on the image to go back to slide 11
Nerves

11. Cardio-
vascular
Heart
Transports materials in the body via blood, pumped by the heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Blood
vessels
Click on the image to go back to slide 12

12. Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland (parathyroid
glands on posterior aspect)
Thymus gland
Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Click on the image to go back to slide 12
Ovary (female)

13. Lymphatic Houses WBC’s Disposes of debris/bacteria/ tumor cells
Thoracic
duct
Lymph
nodes
Houses WBC’s
Disposes of debris/bacteria/ tumor cells
Involved in immunity
Click on the image to go back to slide 11
Lymphatic
vessels

14. Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Respiratory
Trachea
Bronchus
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Left lung
Click on the image to go back to slide 12

15. Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Digestive
Small
intestine
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Large intestine
Rectum
Click on the image to go back to slide 13
Anus

16. Urinary Eliminates wastes Maintains acid – base balance
Kidney
Eliminates wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materials such as
Water
Electrolytes
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Click on the image to go back to slide 13

17. Reproductive Production of offspring Female Male Mammary glands
(in breasts)
Prostate gland
Seminal
vesicles
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Penis
Vas deferens
Testis
Vagina
Scrotum
Click on the image to go back to slide 13
Female
Male
Production of offspring

18. 8 - Necessary Life Functions
1. MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES
2. MOVEMENT
*Locomotion *Movement of substances
D. Maintaining Life
3. RESPONSIVENESS
*Ability to sense changes and react

19. 8 - Necessary Life Functions
4. DIGESTION
*Break-down *Delivery of nutrients
5. METABOLISM
*Production of energy *Making body structures
D. Maintaining Life
6. EXCRETION
*Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

20. 8 - Necessary Life Functions
7. REPRODUCTION
*Production of future generation
D. Maintaining Life
8. GROWTH
*Increasing of cell size and number

21. Nutrients Oxygen D. Maintaining Life Water Pressure Survival Needs
*Chemicals for energy & cell building
*Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
*Required for chemical reactions
D. Maintaining Life
Water
*60–80% of body weight
*Provides for metabolic reaction
Temperature
*Stable body temperature
Pressure
*Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

22. E. Homeostasis
*Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium *Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

23. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (how the body responds to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis)
Relies on communication chiefly through nervous (nerves deliver electrical signals) and endocrine (chemical signals—hormones) systems

24. The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Receptor
Responds to changes in the envir. (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
Control Center
Determines set point & analyzes info
Determines appropriate response

25. Modify: Create blanks and use as a teaching tool (or better, a worksheet, where students must fill in the blanks)

26. 2 Feedback Mechanisms 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Organisms maintain homeostasis by using feedback mechanisms
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body, this only occurs in external blood clotting and birth of a baby
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

27. Negative feedback- product turns off production
Positive Feedback–product increases production

28. f. Language of aNATOMY Exact terms are used for:
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Exact terms are used for:

29. 1. Orientation & Directional Terms
The forehead is SUPERIOR to the nose
INFERIOR
INFERIOR
1. Orientation &
Directional Terms
SUPERIOR
SUPERIOR
The navel is INFERIOR to the breastbone

30. ANTERIOR POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR POSTERIOR
The heart is POSTERIOR to the breastbone
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
POSTERIOR
The breastbone is ANTERIOR to the spine
Anterior/ Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal

31. MEDIAL LATERAL LATERAL MEDIAL
The arms are LATERAL to the chest
The heart is MEDIAL to the arm

32. The armpit is INTERMEDIATE to the breastbone and shoulder
DEEP
INTERMEDIATE
SUPERFICIAL
The armpit is INTERMEDIATE to the breastbone and shoulder
The lungs are DEEP
to the rib cage
The skin is SUPERFICIAL to the skeleton

33. PROXIMAL DISTAL The elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist
The knee is DISTAL to the thigh

34. Orientation &
Directional Terms

35. Orientation &
Directional Terms

36. Orientation &
Directional Terms

37. 2. Body Planes Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal)
(c) Transverse

38. 3. Body Cavities

39. Abdomino-
pelvic
Major
Organs
Abdomino-
pelvic
Quadrants
Abdomino-
pelvic
Regions

40. 4. Body Landmarks 4. Body Landmarks
Frontal
Cephalic
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic (genital)
KEY:
Thorax
Abdomen
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Upper limb
Acromial
Deltoid
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
4. Body Landmarks
4. Body Landmarks

41. 4. Body Landmarks Cephalic Upper limb Occipital (back of head)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Digital
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Occipital
(back of head)
Cephalic
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Sural (calf)
KEY:
Back (Dorsum)
4. Body Landmarks

42. 4. Body Landmarks Cephalic Frontal Cephalic Upper limb Upper limb
Orbital
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial
Nasal
Buccal
Deltoid
Cervical
Oral
Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
Cervical
Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Thoracic
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sternal
Vertebral
Axillary
Carpal (wrist)
Lumbar
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Sacral
Digital
4. Body Landmarks
Pelvic
Gluteal
Inguinal
(groin)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Sural (calf)
Thorax
Fibular
Abdomen
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Back (Dorsum)
Calcaneal
Digital
Plantar
(a) Anterior/Ventral
(b) Posterior/Dorsal