1. African Nationalism and Independence

2. Effects of WWII in Africa
Turning point to the Rise of Nationalist Movements – Rise in Nationalism
Europe made some reforms but too late – ex. African gov’t official
Why?
African saw the human side of European while serving together – not superior – destroyed their invincibility
An increasing number of Africans reasoned that a war in which Europeans slaughtered fellow Europeans, meant that colonial regimes had little right to lecture African leaders and people about how to conduct their affairs

3. 1. Why were many Africans able to win independence after WWII?
Atlantic Charter: supported “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live” – US and Britain
Supported by UN Charter
Negritude Movement: pride in African culture – new dignity and self-respect
Rise of Nationalist Leaders and working class support

4. 1. Why were many Africans able to win independence after WWII?
European powers were weakened after the war. Lack of money to run colonies
The Cold War helped nationalists and condemned imperialism – US and Soviet Union
European nations saw they must give up colonies – 5:00 – YouTube

5. During the 1950s and 1960s, the history of most African countries was characterized by the achievement of political independence

6. The “Wind of Change”
The wind of change is blowing through this continent, and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it.
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa, on February 3, in Cape Town.
Britain intended to grant independence to colonies

7. The Decline of the Colonial Powers

8. The Rise of the Superpowers

9. Africa Produced Many Newly-Independent Nations in a Very Short Time

10. British Colonies Were Some of the First to Seek Independence because
Britain felt hypocritical about colonialism.
War left her weak and unable to afford colonies.
A New African educated middle class began to emerge in the cities.

11. 2. What nation was 1st to gain Independence. When
2. What nation was 1st to gain Independence? When? What is the significance?
Ghana
Independence Song
1957
It occurred through peaceful means
Slow transition
Centralization of power
raised the hopes because could lead to more independent nations in Africa

12. African Interactive Map

13. 3. Who was Kwame Nkrumah? Nationalist leader in Ghana Educated abroad
Father of African Nationalism
strikes and boycotts for self-government
1st Prime Minister of Ghana
Supported Pan-Africanism
Kwame Liberation Song
Ghana Song of Peace

14. 4. Purpose Pan-Africanism
Africa must be freed from colonial rule
Called for the unifying of all of Africa
Slogan “Africa for Africans”

15. 5. Who was Jomo Kenyatta? Nationalist leader in Kenya
Educated abroad
He demanded political & economic reforms from British
Massive uprisings: Mau Mau: African resistance army (Land and Freedom Army)
1964 became the first president of Kenya
African Interactive Map

16. Ethnic Groups Map
Kikuyu 22%: The Kikuyu homeland is around Mount Kenya. Land ownership is the most important social, political, religious, and economic factor. Kikuyu farmers produce most of the fresh produce that is consumed in Nairobi as well as coffee and tea for export.
Luhya 14%: The Luyha's traditional homeland is around Kakamega in western Kenya. The Luyha suffer from high population density which effects their farming economy as cultivation occurs on plots that get smaller with each generation. They are important producers of sugar-cane.
Luo 13%: The Luo live for the most part on the shores of Lake Victoria. They are fishermen and farmers. The Luo also played an important role during the independence struggle and many leading politicians have been Luo including Oginga Odinga, Tom Mboya, and Robert Ouko.
Kalenjin 12%: The Kalenjin have become politically powerful. They live primarily in the Rift Valley Although mainly pastoralists, the Kalenjin have taken up some agriculture and also produce honey. ,
Kamba 11%: The Kamba homeland, which is east of Nairobi towards Tsavo national park
Meru 6%: The Meru live mainly on the northeast side of Mount Kenya. They are farmers and also produce tea, coffee, pyrethrum, maize, potatoes and miraa, a stimulant popular with Muslims.

17. 6. Identify Mau Mau
Armed resistance groups in Kenya, in opposition of whites who refuse rights to blacks
Land and Freedom Army
Attacked white settlers
Guerrilla warfare
is a form of warfare
refers to conflicts by a small group of armed civilians
Military tactics: ambushes, sabotage, raids, surprise, and mobility

18. Mau Mau torture victims to receive compensation - 2013
Kenyans were subject to torture and other forms of ill treatment of the hands the colonial administration.

19. Kenya
Basil Video
14:30 – 21:30 in

20. Kenyans Worry Election Will Bring Repeat Of Tribal Violence
NPR Report - Kenyans Worry Election Will Bring Repeat Of Tribal Violence
Kenya's luxury housing boom 5:00

21. 7. What year was hailed “The Year of Africa”? Why?
1960 is referred to as the Year of Africa
Why?
the independence of seventeen African nations
the growing Pan-African movement
Freed without bloodshed -negotiate - Avoid large scale war

22. Tanzania Tanganyika region was placed under United Nations
Independent movements sprung up around this time, including the Tanganyika Africa National Union (TANU), headed by Julius Nyerere.
Support for TANU and the first elections were planned for Tanganyika.
December 9, 1961, Tanganyika became an independent republic and became known from then on as Tanzania.

23. 8. Who was Julius Nyerere? What did he support?
1st President of Tanzania
Educated abroad
Socialism for self-reliance
He argued one-party system could achieve democracy = reflected African tradition of consensus
African Interactive Map

24. And often found themselves caught in a battle between the two superpowers

25. 9. How did the Cold War affect independence in Africa?
Nonalignment (officially) - no sides
Nationalist looked to Communists for support away from colonial rulers
Supper powers interested because of resources
Involved by proxy – destabilized region

26. The Congo Basil Video 27:40 minutes in General Joseph Mobutu
Patrice Lumumba
The Congo
Basil Video
27:40 minutes in

27. Lumumba escaped but was captured by army forces
Lumumba escaped but was captured by army forces. His captors later transferred him to Katanga, where he was assassinated on Jan. 17, Lumumba's death sparked worldwide demonstrations. The protesters said the West was meddling in Africa’s affairs. They believed that Western countries, especially Belgium and the United States, had sought Lumumba’s removal from power.
Patrice Lumumba
The Congo

28. For more than 25 years, Mobutu had complete power
For more than 25 years, Mobutu had complete power. Until 1990, Zaire had only one political party, which supported Mobutu's policies. That year, Mobutu announced governmental reforms under which opposition parties were allowed to form. In 1991, a national conference was held to rewrite the Constitution
General Joseph Mobutu

29. 10. The Congo
1960: Independence from Belgium 14 million people – 200 separate groups
All had political and economic interest = control of resources = civil war = disaster
Sign that Africans can’t handle independence without colonial interference
Patrice Lumumba: 1st Prime minister; foreign help turned to USSR; remove and murdered
Congo should control its own extensive mineral wealth
General Joseph Mobutu: military rule; Zaire; US support
Article African Interactive Map

31. Today the Congo Is Experiencing Punishing War!
Michael Kamber for The New York Times
About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a camp on Monday.

32. Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Independence
44:28 – 48:48

33. 11. What were the goals of African Nationalist leaders?
To create a sense of African unity (huge political challenge) among diverse groups in order to win independence
Self-government
Governments followed British Parliamentary System
To create stability, develop economy, education

34. Chief Executive (Government Head)
Parliamentary System
Presidential System
Legislative Branch
Parliament elected by voters. The majority party in Parliament chooses the prime minister.
Congress elected by voters. Legislative and executive functions are separate.
Chief Executive (Government Head)
Prime minister who heads council of ministers, or "Cabinet"
President, elected by voters, nominates cabinet members.
Head of State
Often a constitutional monarch. Legislatures often choose a ceremonial president, who acts as head of state.
President is head of state.
Elections
Prime minister can call new elections.
Held at fixed intervals.
Political Parties
Often a multiparty system. Government is formed by a ruling coalition of cooperating parties.
Usually a two-party system with third parties holding marginal power.
Examples
Israel, Great Britain, and her former colonies, such as India.
The United States, Mexico, and Brazil.

35. Parliamentary vs. Presidential
Parliamentary System
Presidential System
President is directly elected by the people
Division of legislative and executive powers.
Is both head of state and government
Is not accountable to the legislature.
Weaker party discipline (relative to parliamentary)
Prime Minister is not directly elected
No division of executive and legislative powers
Separate Head of state and head of government
Executive power (PM) is accountable to the legislature
Stronger Party Discipline

36. Other governments: One-party rule Military rule Autocratic rule
General Joseph Mobutu: Congo renamed Zaire
Autocratic rule
ruling with absolute authority
Many postcolonial African governments took on this form of government

37. 12. Issues with the decolonization of Africa.
Colonial rulers did little to prepare Africans for independence
Weakened traditional leaders/limited experience
Artificial boundaries: include rival ethnic group and created minorities
No industry
No national Unity
Lack of democracy
Military rule
Independence not solution to many African problems

38. 13. What are the goals of the Organization of African Unity?
1963: help guide African nations to end colonial rule and self-government
Economic cooperation
Deal with regional problems
Work to settle disputes between countries
African Union

39. 14. Explain the Colonial Legacy in Africa
Anti-colonialism sentiment
Created African desire to modernize and improve their standard of living
the division of Africa into more than 50 states whose boundaries were set without regard for where the people lived or how they organized their own political divisions. – artificial boundaries
Colonial rulers made material improvements
Disparity in relations with developed nation – dependence on former colonial ruler
African Interactive Map

40. Today
African governments need to take advantage of the profit from natural resources and reinvest in their countries