1. ....conducted what became known as "shuttle" diplomacy
......served as the middleman in negotiations to restore peace among in the Middle East
....also played a major role in the negotiations leading to the August 1975 Helsinki Accord
-an agreement signed by 35 countries to improve relations between East and West

3. Mediated Diplomacy When? – political circumstances
Direct- communication –neg. aspects
Why? – a mediator - Pluses
Task? - goals of their mission
How? - particular steps taken-Agenda
Who? - Staff
Mixed success

4. When? with tense international situations
initial direct negotiations prove tense
direct communication - unlikely reduces tensions - conterproductive
the UN S.C. is called upon to mediate a resolution to a conflict

5. in the early stages of a dispute
...unwilling to budge on the issue
negotiations - at an impasse
in intractable conflicts

6. Prerequisites for successful m.
a thorough and complete analysis –aspects of a conflict
issues at stake, context and dynamics
conducted at an optimal or ripe moment

7. Direct communication the simple repetition of demands
no exchange of views and producing no compromise
gives support to the perception of the conflict's intractability
seeing each other - causes a setback
to paint one's own side in a favorable light

8. Why? 3rd Party an impartial –neutral- actor
a reliable means of communication
less susceptible to the grandstanding of face-to-face or media-based communication
prestige, knowledge

9. Mediator´s task to disengage opposing armies
1. to move the conflict forward
2. to break the deadlock over the possible settlement of dispute
to provide an impetus for the parties to give the process a chance
to promote a lasting truce between the belligerents

10. to develope the trust and a certain level of mutual understanding
to avert the (Falklands )crisis
to find ways out of stalemates
to promote implementation modalities and agreements
separates the ceasefire from long-range problems

11. to broker end to hostilities
to help the parties to the conlitct to find solutions to resolve their conflict
to affect it, change it, resolve it, modify or influence it
to reduce violence and achieve a peaceful outcome

12. to bring about peace

13. Process is over
face-to-face and even a routine of communications can be started
a mediator departs the arena of the conflict

14. How serves as an intermediary or mediator between the two parties
serves as a go-between
serves as a relay for questions and answers
carries proposals and counter-proposals back and forth
engages in a process as a third party

15. conveys information back and forth between the parties
flies back and forth between capitals
looks for creative approaches to find ways out of stalemate
uses a new effective debating tactics
applies hands-on approach to the Middle East

16. provides suggestions for moving the conflict toward resolution and does so in private
acts in private
involves personal and emotional elements

17. conducts preventive diplomacy
acts as a peacemaker

18. Who?
Mediator
Go-between
Middle man

19. mixed success
Kissinger was instrumental in brokering an end to hostilities between Israel, Egypt and Syria
separated the ceasefire from long-range problems and minimized Russian involvement in the process

20. Carter .....was little chance of a viable settlement
Carter eventually prevailed through his non-stop shuttle diplomacy U.S.
Secretary of State Alexander Haig failed to avert the Falklands crisis

21. Secretary of State J. Baker
The bilateral talks between Israel and Jordan led directly to the historic 1994 peace agreement
the Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

22. A brief survey of examples -mixed success
U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Alexander Haig
Richard Holbrooke
Russian Foreign Minister Chernomyrdin
U.S. special envoy Dennis Ross and U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld- India and Pakistan