1. Vitamins
Discovery of vitamins started from observation of deficiency manifestations
Several mysterious and often fatal diseases which resulted from vitamin deficiencies were prevalent until the past century. Sailors on long sea
voyages were often the victims. In the Orient, the disease beriberi was rampant and millions died of its strange paralysis called “polyneuritis.” In 1840,George Budd predicted that the disease was caused by the lack of some organic compound that would be discovered in “a not too distant future.”a In 1893, C. Eijkman, a Dutch physician working in Indonesia, observed paralysis in chicks fed white rice consumed by the local populace. He found that the paralysis could be relieved promptly by feeding an extract of rice polishings. This was one of the pieces of evidence that led the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk to formulate the “vitamine theory” in about Funk suggested that the diseases beriberi, pellagra, rickets,
and scurvy resulted from lack in the diet of four different vital nutrients. He imagined them all to be amines, hence the name vitamine.

2. Vitamins are micronutrients
Vitamins differ from macronutrients- in structure, function and amounts.
Vitamins are similar to macronutrients- all are vital to life, organic and available from all food group
Both defecienies and excesses of a vitamin can affect health

3. µg-mg Nutrients /day Vitamins VITAMINE VITAL+ AMINE
Vitamin is derived from the fact that substances are needed for life(vita) and because thiamine happened to be an amine.
Not all vitamins are amines or nitrogen containing compounds

4. Vitamins
Definition
Vitamins are organic nutrients that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions and which generally cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet

5. Water soluble Fat soluble Vitamins Classification B complex
C or Ascorbic acid
A or Retinol
D or Cholecalciferol
E or Tocopherol K

6. VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B complex
B1 - Thiamine
B2 - Riboflavin
B3 - Niacin
B5 - Pantothenic acid
B6 - Pyridoxine
Biotin
Folic acid
B12- Cobalamine
Vitamine C or Ascorbic acid

7. Energy-releasing Hematopoietic Other
VITAMINS
Vitamins B-complex
Energy-releasing
Hematopoietic
Other B1 B2 B3
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Pyridoxine

8. Difference b/w water soluble & fat soluble vitamins VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
Solubility
Water soluble
Fat soluble
Absorption
Simple
Along with lipids
Storage
*No storage
Stored in liver
Excretion
Excreted
Not excreted
Excess intake
Nontoxic
Toxic
Deficiency
Manifests rapidly
Manifests slowly
Treatment
Regular dietary supply
Single large dose

9. MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
VITAMINS
MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Essential for growth, maintenance and reproduction
Fat soluble vitamins are required for normal and colour vision, blood clotting, bone formation and maintenance of membrane structure.
Most of the water soluble vitamins function as coenzymes
Vitamins A and D act as steroid hormones.
Lack of vitamin in the diet produce characteristic deficiency symptoms
Some drugs and compounds present in natural sources act as antivitamins.
Some vitamin analogs are used as drugs

10. VITAMINS Chemistry Sources RDA Absorption & transport Active form
Functions
Deficiency manifestations
Antimetabolites
Hypervitaminosis

11. INTESTINAL MICROORGANISMS
VITAMINS
SOURCES
DIET
INTESTINAL MICROORGANISMS
Diet:Since vitamins cannot be manufactured by humans they must be obtained from food (vitamin D)
Intestinal microorganisms: some vitamins can be synthesized by the intestinal microorganisms. However the quantity synthesized in this manner may not be sufficient to meet the daily requirement . (Biotin)

12. RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
VITAMINS
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
Age
Sex
Body weight
Diet
Physiological status
Dietary intake
that is considered
optimal under ordinary conditions
Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all the individuals. The RDA is not the minimal requirement for healthy individuals; rather, it is intentionally set to provide a margin of safety for most individuals

13. Dietary Vitamin Deficiencies
VITAMINS
Dietary Vitamin Deficiencies
Causes
Inadequate dietary intake
Inadequate intestinal absorption
Inadequate utilization
Increased requirements
Drug induced deficiency
Lack of transport
Defective uptake
Failure to convert precursors

14. Biotin and Vitamin K are synthesized byintestinal microorganisms
Vitamin D is produced in the skin

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