1. WELCOME TO
BIOLOGY PROJECT

2. PRESENTATED BY:- ARCHITA KUNDU CLASS:-X B ROLL:- 05
Looking at living things

3. LIFE PROCESSES OF HUMANBEINGS

4. FOUR LIFE PROCESSES

5. The Human Digestive System1
The Human Digestive System

6. Digestive System Organization
Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
Tube within a tube
Direct link/path between organs
Structures
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum

7. Mouth
Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva (contains amylase, which helps break down starch).
Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it.

8. Esophagus Approximately 10” long Functions include: Secrete mucus
Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis
If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn.
A good way to describe peristalsis is an ocean wave moving through the muscle.
These diagrams don’t separate the esophagus from the mouth functions, you might want to talk about what happens in the mouth too.

9. Stomach
J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
Mixes food with digestive juices that contain enzymes to break down proteins and lipids.
Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
Food found in the stomach is called chyme.
The stomach takes around 4 hours to do it’s job on the food, depending on what kinds of food are digested.

10. Small Intestine Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area.
The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption.

11. Large Intestine About 5 feet long
Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb
Rectum (short term storage which holds feces before it is expelled).
Depending on the maturity of the group, you can talk about the feces leaving via the anus.
Mention the appendix at the bottom of the ascending colon and that it might have been used long ago but is not today
Mention the portions of the large intestine, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum (last one if the audience is mature enough)

12. Accessory Organs Liver Directly affects digestion by producing bile
Bile helps digest fat
filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol
Gall Bladder
Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine.
Fatty diets can cause gallstones

13. Accessory Organs Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins
Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

14. Human Respiratory system2
Human Respiratory system

15. What is Human Respiration?
The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases,  inspiration and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air

16. Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity
 warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat)
 passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx
 the voice box, where vocal chords are located
trachea (windpipe)
 keeps the windpipe "open"  trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs
bronchi
 two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung
bronchioles
 a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs
alveoli
 the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

17. Components of the Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3

18. Gas Exchange & Transport: A Passive Process
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures
External respiration: gases exchanged between air and blood
Internal respiration: gases exchanged with tissue fluids
Oxygen transport: bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma
Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate

19. Oxygen Exchange

20. Four Respiration Processes
Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

21. Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9

22. 3
Circulatory System

23. What is the circulatory system?
The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different places in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.

24. STRUCTURE OF HUMAN

25. How does the Heart work? The heart beat begins when the
STEP ONE
blood from the lungs
blood from the body
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.

26. How does the Heart work? the valves open to allow blood
STEP TWO
The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.

27. How does the Heart work? The valves close to stop blood
STEP THREE
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with blood.

28. blood from the heart gets around the body through blood vessels
artery
vein
capillaries
body cell

29. The Blood
white blood cell
red blood cell
plasma
platelets

30. Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the right side of the system
deals with deoxygenated blood.
the left side of the system
deals with oxygenated blood.
Body cells

31. Human Excretory System4
Human Excretory System

32. human excretory system
waste and what its removed by
carbon dioxide- lungs
water - skin, kidney, lungs
salts - skin, kidney
ammonia - liver
urea - kidney
human excretory system

33. human excretory system
consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and renal circuit (renal arteries and renal veins)
kidney includes an outer cortex, middle medulla and the nephrons
nephrons include a capsule and a looping tubule that joins others to form the collecting ducts, making up the pyramids which empty into the calyces - lead into the renal pelvis
nephrons form urine, which passes from the collecting ducts to the renal pelvis.  The renal pelvis empties into the ureters, which conduct urine to the urinary bladder, and the urethra voids the urine from the body.

34. primary organs of excretion kidney
Functions of the kidneys
excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes
regulate chemical levels in blood
maintain water balance
helps regulate blood pressure (renin)

35. the nephron
The nephron begins with Bowman's capsules, which surrounds the glomerulus, a ball of capillaries arising from an afferent arteriole of the renal artery.  Leaving the glomerulus is an efferent arteriole, which forms the peritubular capillaries, where reabsorption takes place.  These spread over the nephron to later form a venule that joins others to make up the renal vein.

36. other organs
ureters - long narrow tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside each kidney. Function is to drain the renal pelvis to urinary bladder
urinary bladder- elastic muscular organ capable of great expansion. Function si storage of urine and voiding
urethra – passage of urine from bladder to outside of body. Passage of semen from male body

37. formation of urine
occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of the nephron
filtration
reabsorption
secretion

38. blood and urine flow
blood enters the kidneys via renal arteries, and leaves the kidneys via the renal veins
wastes removed from the blood leave the kidneys by the ureter

39. wastes - urine
The remaining wastes, now called urine are transported out through the collecting tubule to an area known as the renal pelvis (a collecting area) where the urine then passes into the ureter

41. Our Body
Our body lives and works through all the hard work are organs do to keep us alive. Whether we are walking, talking, sleeping, playing or sitting, our body is constantly working hard to keeps us in full health keeping us fit. As long as we continue to treat our body with care it will take care of us. Through eating healthily and keeping an active lifestyle our body will continue to work to its full potential allowing us to enjoy a long life.

42. THANK YOU