1. Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@ihis.aau.dk
Tourism Policy and Knowledge Processes in Tourism Development Preliminary Results from a Comparative Study of European Destinations
Re-conceptualising tourism policy
Tourism policy and knowledge dynamics: Comparative perspectives
Knowledge-based tourism policy strategies
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University,

2. RE-CONCEPTUALISING TOURISM POLICY
Widespread typologies (Fayos-Solá, Hall)
generational approach
boosterism, economic, community, sustainable
multi-dimensional ideal-types
A certain unease
not with the sources but with application
discursive ‘game of labels’
over-looking variation and contradictions

3. RE-CONCEPTUALISING TOURISM POLICY
Points of departure
new institutionalism (North)
network theory (Rhodes)
discourse analysis (Åkerstrøm Andersen)
policy analysis (Hogwood, Hood)
Point of reference
institutionalist approach to regional policy
H Halkier: Institutions, Discourse and Regional Development, Peter Lang 2006

4. RE-CONCEPTUALISING TOURISM POLICY
Socio-
economic context
Destination
Targets
State/region
Tourists
Competitors
Sponsoring
Strategy
Resources
Organisation
Aims
Instruments
Knowledge
DMO
Focus on three central relations
the destination and its political, social, economic contexts
the destination and its destination management organisation (DMO)
the DMO and it targets among firms, workforce, tourists, institutions

5. Tourism policies compared TOURISM CONTEXTS 1
Attraction
Cultural
Natural
Organi-sation
Individual
Ruhr heritage
Skaane film
Antalya branding
North DK museums
Achterhoek rural
North DK coastal
Collective
Antalya football
Antalya coastal

6. Tourism policies compared TOURISM CONTEXTS 1
Attraction
Cultural
Natural
Organi-sation
Individual
Ruhr heritage
Skaane film
Antalya branding
North DK museums
Achterhoek rural
North DK coastal
Collective
Antalya football
Antalya coastal
Individual-cultural
Individual-natural
Collective-cultural
Collective-natural

7. Tourism policies compared TOURISM CONTEXTS 2
North DK
Antalya
Skaane
Ruhr
Achterhoek

8. Tourism policies compared STRATEGIC AIMS
Communication
Continuity
Change
Service/
experience
Service strategy
Marketing strategy
Innovation strategy
Branding strategy
Individual-cultural
Individual-natural
Collective-cultural
Collective-natural

9. Tourism policies compared POLICY TARGETS
Target capabilities
Hardware
Software
Orgware
Target insti- tutions
Individuals
Firms
System
Individual-cultural
Individual-natural
Collective-cultural
Collective-natural

10. Tourism policies compared POLICY INSTRUMENTS
Rules /
resources
Authority
Infor- mation
Finance
Organi- sation
Mandatory
Conditional
Voluntary
Individual-cultural
Individual-natural
Collective-cultural
Collective-natural

11. Tourism policies compared KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
Analy-tical
Synthetic
Symbolic
Exploration
Examination
Exploitation
Individual-cultural
Individual-natural
Collective-cultural
Collective-natural

12. Tourism policies compared CONCLUSIONS
Existing policies key features: Across contexts
focus on development of new services
generally target critical resources
with important omissions (not-barking dogs)
instruments/networks knowledge intensive
growing importance of knowledge input/competences
Rooms for knowledge-oriented improvement
networked DMOs
with local SMEs and extra-regional/international links
creative generation of market/trend intelligence
private partners and public knowledge institutions

13. Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, halkier@ihis.aau.dk
Tourism Policy and Knowledge Processes in Tourism Development Theoretical reflections and preliminary Results from a Comparative Study of European destinations
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Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University,