1. Learning and Memory
Test Review

2. Introducing….. “Learning”
Define learning… (10)
Identify Psychology’s “big three” behaviorists and the major contribution of each. (30)
Why did Skinner refer to “Cognitive science as the creationism of psychology?” (20

3. Factors in Learning
Identify three major factors that influence both classical and operant learning. (30)
Timing, sequence, biological predisposition

4. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
1. Identify each of the following in relation to Pavlov’s experiment. (50 Points!)
UCS
UCR NS CS CR
Food, salivation, bell, bell, salivation to bell

5. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
Provide an example for each of the following in relation to Pavlov’s experiment. (50 Points!)
a. Acquisition
b. extinction
c. spontaneous Recovery
d. generalization
e. discrimination

6. Classical Conditioning
Four year old Joey was on the playground one day when he was bit by a neighbors dog. Now Joey has a fear of playgrounds. Identify the following:
UCS
UCR CS CR
UCS=dog bite UCR=pain,fear CS=playground CR=fear of playground

7. Learning
Provide an example of second order conditioning in Pavlov’s experiment.(10 points)
Did Watson’s “tabula rasa” theory ultimately emphasize the importance of biology, cognition or environment as the critical factor in learning? (10)
What type of stimulus did Watson pioneer in classical conditioning? (10)
1. light=salivation 2. environment 3. aversive, or negative stimulus

8. 10 each
Thorndike’s “law of effect” was influential in pioneering what type of learning?
While classical conditioning ultimately depends on stimuli, Operant conditioning is based on____________.
Whose “box” paved the way for Operant Conditioning research?
1.Operant 2.consequences 3. Skinner’s box

9. Reinforcement or Punishment? 60 Points!! (All or nothing…)
Taking cold medicine to relieve symptoms of a cold.
Exempting chores for good grades.
Running home to get warm on a chilly day..
Having your keys taken for breaking curfew.
Chewing out a student for disruptive behavior.
Getting a star on your uniform for a good performance.
1=NR 2=NR 3=PR 4=NP 5=PP 6=PR

10. Operant Learning
What’s the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers? (20 points)
What’s the chief criticism of token economies as a means to shape behavior? (20 points)
1=primary are food, water, rest / Secondary are things we learn to value (prize, praise)
2= Little long-term influence on shaping behavior

11. Reinforcement Schedules
Match each description below with its corresponding reinforcement schedule. (FR, VR, FI, VI) 40 Points!
Getting a monthly paycheck….
Playing a slot machine in Vegas…
Going to the treasure box upon receiving your fourth star for good behavior…
Your pay schedule when on 100% commission….
1=FI 2=VR 3=FR 4=VI

12. Classical and Operant Conditioning
True or False?
Behavioral psychologists Pavlov, Watson and Skinner claimed that all learning derived from experience and was demonstrated in behavior.
While Classical conditioning involves an involuntary, or reflexive response, operant conditioning involves a voluntary response.
Chaining is the teaching of one specific behavior, while shaping is the teaching of a series of behaviors.
Behavioral psychologists theorized that if humans were born “tabula rasa,” and all learning came from experience, then classical and operant conditioning could be used to promote a more healthy, productive society.
1=True 2=True 3=False (the opposite) 4=True

13. Biology and Classical Conditioning
In Garcia and Koelling’s experiment, rats made an immediate acquisition when a loud noise was paired with electric shock, but did not when a loud noise was paired with nausea. What did this research help confirm in relation to classical learning? (20)
Biological predispositions (genetics) influence classical learning

14. Other forms of learning….
Provide only one descriptive word that accurately describes each form of learning. (30)
Insight learning
Latent learning
1=“Aha!”
2=“hidden” learning

15. Albert Banduras
Albert Banduras’ Bobo doll experiment revealed significant evidence for what type of learning?
Did the Bobo doll experiment specifically address pro-social or anti-social behavior?
1=Observational 2=anti-social

16. Introducing Memory….. Define memory….(10 points)
Identify the three chief components of the memory process…. (30 points)
Identify the three stages of the Three Stage Processing theory on memory… (30 points)

17. Encoding
Remember, we encode information through effortful and automatic processing…
1. Provide an example of effortful and automatic processing. (1 for each)
2. Explain the significance of each of the following as it relates to encoding info… (10 points for each correct)
a. Next-in-line effect
b. serial positioning effect
c. Self-Reference effect
d. Spacing effect

18. Encoding
List the following types of encoding in order of their effectiveness. (10)
a. Acoustic
b. Visual
c. Semantic

19. Learning Techniques…
Learning techniques that aid memory are referred to as……….. (10 points)
Provide an example for each of the following mnemonic strategies:
Loci system c. chunking
Key word system d. peg-word system

20. Memory Storage
What is the magic number in terms of our short-term memory storage? (10 points)
Roughly how long does iconic and echoic memory last respectively in our short term memory? (10 points)
The LTP theory, or Long-Term Potentiation, is based on the formation of what elements in our brain? (10)

21. Types of LTM
What type of memory defies the leading theories on memory and is thought to be emotionally based? (10 points)
What’s the difference between implicit and explicit memories? You may explain or give examples. (20 points)
Which type did Clive Wearing manage to maintain? (10 points)

22. The Brain and LTM 20 points for both
What part of our brain commits our LTM and then distributes it for storage in various areas of the cortex?
Which part of our brain is associated with emotional memories?

23. Memory Retrieval
Explain the significance of each of the following as it relates to memory retrieval. (10 points for each correct…)
Priming
Context effect
Tip-of-the-Tongue Effect
Mood Congruent theory

24. Memory Failure (Forgetting)
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve proposes that we forget roughly 50% of what we learn within what time period? (10)
What is perhaps the most critical factor in retaining most long-term memories? (10)

25. Types of Retrieval Failure
List the following as either Proactive Interference or Retroactive Interference. (10 each)
Calling your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name…..
Forgetting your old phone number once you learn your new phone number….

26. Memory Loss (10 each)
What psychoanalyst argued that repression was a critical component in memory loss of specific events?
The misinformation effect argues that _____________ is a critical component in how we construct our memories.
Explain or provide examples that distinguish the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

27. True or False? Memories remain stable and unchanging over time.
Storage failure with memory is often the result of a lack of rehearsal.
Source amnesia is the inability to remember where or when you experienced a specific memory.