1. Biopsychology Domain
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2. Consciousness
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3. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Module 08
Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

4. Body Rhythms Circadian Rhythms Ultradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours.
Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature
Ultradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day.
Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

5. Sleep Deprivation Effects
Average amount of sleep is 8 hours
Less than 8 hours or 48 hours without sleep:
Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning
Safety and accident issues
Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

6. Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Why We Sleep
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

7. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons:
Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night
Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

8. Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

9. EEG

10. EEG

11. Wake State to Stage 1

12. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular.
It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep.
Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

13. Stage 1

14. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows.
First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

15. Stage 2

16. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep
First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

17. Stage 3

18. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

19. Non-REM Sleep
Stages considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)

20. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
Called rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth
Considered “paradoxical sleep”

21. Paradoxical Sleep
During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake
Pulse and breathing quickens.
REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

22. Typical Night’s Sleep

23. Stage 4/REM Changes

24. Sleep Changes through Life

25. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream?
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

26. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences
Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

27. Information-Processing Theory

28. Physiological Function Theory
Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.
Your brain has to work!!

29. Physiological Function Theory

30. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

31. Activation Synthesis Theory

32. Cognitive Development Theory
Dreams part of the maturation process
Dreams reflect our knowledge
Reflection of normal cognitive development

33. Cognitive Development Theory

34. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems
Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

35. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep.
Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem
Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

36. Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.
Tend to be loud snorers
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

37. Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks;
the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

38. Somnambulism
Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the deep stages of NREM sleep;
the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is able to see but rarely has any memory of the event.

39. Night Terrors
Sleep related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified;
unlike nightmares, they occur during NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or three hours of falling sleep, and
are seldom remembered.

40. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting
Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep
Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

41. The End