1. Chapter 1 Notes
Pronouns

2. Pronoun
A word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns The antecedent is the word that the pronoun is referring to Example: Why did Oscar give his camera to the film school Personal Pronouns (Pg. 7) First Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second Person: you, your, yours Third Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

3. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function.
This type of pronoun can be removed from the sentence and the sentence without penalty.
Reflexive
Refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or object of a preposition.
This type of pronoun is always necessary to the understanding of a sentence.
First Person: myself, ourselves
Second Person: yourself, yourselves
Third Person: himself, herself, itself, themselves

4. Pronouns
Demonstrative: is used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea This, that, these, those Interrogative: introduces a questions who, whom, which, what, whose Relative: introduces a subordinate clause that, which, who, whom, whose

5. Indefinite Pronouns
Refers to one or more persons, places, ideas or things that may or may not be specifically named
Examples: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, something, such (page 9)

6. Adjective: a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind, which one, or how many
Example: What kind?- Gray skies, Irish lace
Example: Which one?- either way, those girls
Example: How many?- five fingers, fewer hours

7. Adjective Demonstrative Adjectives: This, that, these, and those
Become demonstrative adjectives when they are modifying a noun or pronoun
Examples: That shirt, which one, whose hat
Pronoun Examples: I like that, either will do

8. Noun or adjective
Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also be used as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns.
Common Nouns: cheese, snow, winter
Common Nouns used as adjective: cheese sandwich, snow sculpture, winter sale
Proper Nouns: Texas, Picasso, Dublin
Proper Nouns used as Proper Adjectives: Texas coast, Picasso painting, Dublin streets

9. Adjectives: Articles The most commonly used adjective is an article
Articles: a, an, the
These words are seen as adjectives because they are picking out a certain noun
Examples: The girl won, An elephant escaped, This is an honor

10. Verb: a word that is used to express action or a state of being
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
Verb phrase consists of at least one main verb and one or more helping verbs
A helping verb is also called an auxiliary verb and helps the main verb express action or state of being.
Helping verb examples: be, can, do, has, might, should, could, does, have, must, will, did, had, may, shall, would
Examples in a sentence: is leaving, had seemed, might have remained, She should not have borrowed

11. Action verbs Action verb: expresses either a physical or mental action
Physical action: write, describe, sit, receive, walk, etc.
Mental action: remember, consider, think, understand, believe, know

12. Linking verb: connects the subject to a word or a word group that identifies or describes the subject
Commonly used forms: be, being, shall be, should be, will be, would be, am, has been, can be, is, have been, could be, are, had been, etc. (Pg 17)

13. Adverbs: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent (how long or how much)
Many adverbs end in –ly, but they do not always end in –ly
Most frequently used adverbs are too, so, really, and very.

14. Adverbs Adverbs modifying adjectives Adverbs modifying adverbs
Beth did an exceptionally fine job. (what extent)
Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast. (what extent)
Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef. (what extent)
Calvin was almost never there. (what extent)
We’ll meet shortly afterward. (what extent)
She slept too late. (what extent)

15. Prepositions: a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
List of prepositions on Pages 28-29
Common trick is to think about everything that you can say about a box or cloud:
Around the cloud
Through the cloud
In the cloud
Beside the box
Aboard the box
Under the box

16. Preposition Song

17. Conjunction and interjections
Conjunction: A word that joins word or word groups.
Coordinating Conjunction: FANBOYS
Correlative Conjunction: are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that re used in the same way.
Both…and
Not only…but also
Either…or
Whether…or
Neither…nor
Interjection: a word that expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.
Ah, hurrah, uh-oh, wow, aha, oh, well, yahoo, boy-oh-boy, oops, whew, yikes, hey, ouch, whoa, yippee

20. Capitalization