1. Emily Bonacquisti, Marissa Mingarelli, & Mitch McGovern
Animal Nutrition
Emily Bonacquisti, Marissa Mingarelli, & Mitch McGovern

2. Heterotrophs are divided into 3 major categories
-Herbivore-eats only plants (ex: giraffes, deer, most insects)
-Carnivore-eats only meat from other animals (ex. lions, wolves, alligators)
-Omnivore-both plants and animals (ex: Humans, bears, catfish)

3. A diet must sustain 3 nutritional needs
Fuel-chemical energy
Biosynthesis- requires organic materials to aid the creation of molecules that are produced within the body of an organism
Nutrients- vitamins the animal cannot make themselves

4. 4 Main feeding mechanisms of animals
Suspension Feeders
Substrate Feeders
Fluid Feeders
Bulk Feeders

5. Suspension Feeders
These animals sift small food particles from water (mainly aquatic ex: whales,clams,oysters)

6. Substrate Feeders
-These animals live in or on their food source and eat through their food (ex: leaf miner, moth larvae)
-They are found mainly by a dark trail of feces following their eating path

7. Fluid Feeders
-Suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host (ex: mostly parasites such as mosquitos)

8. Bulk Feeders -Majority of animals are these
-They eat relatively large pieces of food
-Use special adaptations to eat as much as they can in one opportunity (ex: Rock Python can ingest anything up to its own size)

9. Glucose and Caloric Inbalances
Mainly all of an animal’s ATP creation stems from the oxidation of energy rich organic molecules such as carbs,proteins, and fats. (All monomers of these are used as fuel, though many organisms “burn” protein after the other two have been exhausted)
When more than a needed amount of glucose is created it must be changed in order to be stored.
Humans store glucose after changing it into glycogen and it is stored in the liver and muscles. When a deficit of glucose occurs, the glycogen will be converted back to glucose through oxidation and used where needed.

10. Undernourishment
Stores of glycogen and fat are used up and the body will break down it’s needed proteins for energy.
This results from a CHRONICALLY calorie deficient diet, and makes muscles smaller and the brain becomes protein deficient. If the diet is not changed, death will result

11. Overnurishment
Obesity, the body hoards fat and does not use it for fuel which results in other severe health conditions. Over 300,000 people in the U.S. alone have died from obesity caused illnesses.

12. This results in weight control enzymes that control hunger such as;
-leptin (secreted by adipose or fat tissue to suppress appetite as fat level increases), -ghrelin (causes hunger), -PYY (created by S.Intestine as an appetite suppressant), -insulin to become defective, under or overproduced as a person eats too much causing other illnesses -New illnesses such as leptin-deficiency are now gene-linked diseases which aid in people inheriting the likeliness of being obese.

13. Obesity Facts
Obesity means having excess body fat. For adults 35 and older, having a BMI greater than 30 is considered obese.
It is a chronic medical disease that can lead to diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, and other chronic illnesses.
Obesity is difficult to treat and has a high relapse rate. Greater than 95% of those who lose weight regain the weight within five years.

14. Obesity Treatment
Even though medications and diets can help, the treatment of obesity cannot be a short-term "fix" but has to be a life-long commitment to proper diet habits, increased physical activity, and regular exercise.
The goal of treatment should be to achieve and maintain a "healthier weight," not necessarily an ideal weight.

15. Animal’s essential nutrients
Animals must obtain raw organic material (carbon skeletons) from its food as these aid in the creation of carbs, lipids, & proteins.
Essential nutrients- materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because
Malnourishment- any animals diet that is missing one or more essential nutrients. More common than undernutrition as it is found in obese humans as well as undernourished ones

16. Essential Amino Acids -Animals require 20 amino acids
-most can synthesize half as long as their diet has Nitrogen in it
-ANY AMINO ACID AN ANIMAL CANNOT SYNTHESIZE is an essential amino acid (8 for adult humans, 9 for infants)
A malnourished diet that provides a lack of essential amino acids results in a protein deficiency found mainly in children
-those who survive are likely to be deformed or mentally retarded in some way

17. Essential Amino Acids
-best sources of essential amino acids; eggs, fish, any animal products
- “complete” sources of protein = all the essential amino acids (animal products)
- “incomplete” = not all essential amino acids (plants)

18. Essential Fatty Acids
-any fatty acids an animal CANNOT produce on it’s own (majority produce the ones they need)
Saturated v Unsaturated
-saturated-contain double bonds
-unsaturated-do not contain all double bonds

19. Vitamins
-organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts compared to other materials
-13 vitamins found essential to humans

21. Minerals
-simple inorganic nutrients required in small amounts

23. Main Stages of Food Processing
Ingestion(1st Step)- act of eating
-animals need to break down organic material like carbs, fats, and proteins into starch and other polysaccharides b/c
- polymers are too big to diffuse across membranes
-macromolecules that are ingested are not recognized by the body as fuel, so they must be broken down and rebuilt so the animal’s digestive system can use them

24. Digestion(2nd stage) Digestion: breaking down food molecules
-cleaves macromolecules into component monomers which can be absorbed
-uses enzymatic hydrolysis to cut polymers into monomers

25. Absorption and Elimination
Absorption(3rd stage)-acceptance of nutrients by body cells
-animal’s cells absorb small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars
Elimination(4th stage)-undigested material passes out of the digestive system

26. Intracellular & Extracellular Digestion
Intracellular digestion: Food particles engulfed by body cells by endocytosis
-hydrolyzed and digested inside food vacuoles
Extracellular digestion: breakdown of food particles outside the cell (hydrolysis)

27. Digestion
Animals with simple body plans have a one way track for digestion and distribution of nutrients in a simple gastrovascular cavity
Animals with a more complex body plan have:
-a digestive tube with a mouth and an anus
-tube is called a complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal

28. Mammalian Digestive System
system: contains specialized
food-processing functions

29. This tube is usually organized into specialized regions
-consists of; alimentary canal w/ various accessory organs that secrete digestive enzymes
Food is pushed through the tract by peristalsis- rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of alimentary canal

31. Process of Human Digestion
Mouth;food lubricated and salivary amylase breaks down glucose polymers →
pharynx(throat) junction of windpipe and esophagus →
stomach; stores food and secretes pepsin & HCl acid creating acid chyme.
-highly acidic so it’s lined with mucus which prevents the acid from destroying the cells
-Gastric Ulcers are lesions in the lining caused by bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) →

32. Process of Human Digestion
Small intestine
-longest section of alimentary canal
-major organ of digestion & absorption
-has huge surface area (villi &microvilli)
-this microvillar adaption helps to greatly increase the rate of nutrient absorption
-each villus has a network of blood vessels and a vessel of the lymphatic system called a lacteal

33. Process of Human Digestion
A lacteal contains a duodenum- acid chyme from the stomach mixes with secretions of enzymes from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and SI itself
pancreas- produces proteases (protein digesting enzymes). Here enzymatic digestion is complete

34. Amino Acids and Sugars -pass through epithelium of SI into bloodstream
-after Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed into epithelial cells they recombine into fat
which is then mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins → form small molecules called chlyomicrons which go to the lacteals

36. Large Intestine (Colon)
-connected to SI at a t-shaped junction where a sphincter controls the movement of material. The other arm of this junction is called a cecum which is a pouch that contains the appendix. Compared to other animals, human ceca are very small
-main function is to recover water and to transport feces out of the body as here they become more solid
-feces pass through the rectum and out the anus
-Large intestine contains various strains of Eschericia coli - they help to produce vitamins

37. Different animals have different digestive adaptions
Dentitiion- animal’s assortment of teeth which can reflect diet
Herbivores
-have longer alimentary canals than carnivores as more time is needed to digest vegetation
-have fermentation chambers where symbiotic microorganisms aid in digesting cellulose

38. Ruminants Most elaborate digestion adaptations are found in
ruminants, or
animals that
have multiple
chambered
stomachs
(ex cows,
sheep, deer)