1. Analytical chemistry

2. pH
In the laboratory, we can detect acids and bases in solution in several ways. Perhaps the simplest test uses a substance called litmus, a natural dye derived from lichen. It turns red in acidic conditions and blue in basic conditions

5. Arrehnius definition :

9. Summary

10. Conjugate acid base
Conjugate acid the molecule or ion that forms when one H ion is added to a molecule or ion. ion is removed from
Conjugate base the molecule or ion that forms when one H a molecule or ion lost.

12. Acid dissociation

17. Buffer solution :
A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications

18. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is derived from the acid dissociation constant equation by the following steps:

20. Acid base balance in blood
Buffer solutions are necessary to keep the correct pH for enzymes in many organisms to work. Many enzymes work only under very precise conditions; if the pH strays too far out of the margin, the enzymes slow or stop working and can denature, thus permanently disabling their catalytic activity.[1] A buffer of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) is present in blood plasma, to maintain a pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

21. Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO2 out of the body via respiratory gas exchange. The hydration reaction of CO2 is generally very slow in the absence of a catalyst, but red blood cells contain carbonic anhydrase, which both increases the reaction rate and dissociates a hydrogen ion (H+) from the resulting carbonic acid, leaving bicarbonate (HCO3-) dissolved in the blood plasma. This catalysed reaction is reversed in the lungs, where it converts the bicarbonate back into CO2 and allows it to be expelled. This equilibration plays an important role as a buffer in mammalian blood Dialysis in living system

22. Electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions:
Aqueous solutions either conduct electricity or they not , if they conduct electricity are called electrolytic solution if the not are called non electrolytic solution .
Aqueous solution :
The solution in living systems are aqueous solution , that is are made with water.
Solubility :
The amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity. Solute are more soluble in hot than cold solvents .

32. Dialysis
Dialysis in living
Kidney are an example of organ in body that use dialysis to maintain the solute and electrolyte balance of the blood. In 68 kg adult 180 liter of blood purified to about % and 1% remaining.

33. Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion describes a property of substances in water. Substances in water tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Blood flows by one side of a semi-permeable membrane, and a dialysate, or special dialysis fluid, flows by the opposite side. A semipermeable membrane is a thin layer of material that contains various sized holes, or pores. Smaller solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the membrane blocks the passage of larger substances (for example, red blood cells, large proteins).

36. Crenation in red blood cells.
Red blood cells when placed in saline (NaCl), the solution inside the cell is hypotonic compared to the saline solution and osmosis reverse direction , water leave the RBCs to solution that lead to shrink . this process is called crenation.