1. Chapter 22 Psychiatry Lesson 1
Phobic disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Delirium Dementia
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue
Anorexia nervosa Bulimia
Bipolar disorder Cyclothymic disorder
Depressive disorder
Journal Question:What are two drugs that are often abused and are readily available at grocery stores? What are their effects, and why are they linked to substance-related disorders?

2. Chapter Goals
Differentiate among a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and other mental health specialists.
Learn of tests used by clinical psychologists to evaluate a patient’s mental health and intelligence.
Define terms that describe major psychiatric disorders.

3. Introduction
Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness.
psychiatrist
psychologist
clinical psychologist
Which of these health professionals have an MD degree? (psychiatrists)
What’s the difference between a psychologist and a clinical psychologist? (A psychologist is a nonmedical person who is trained in methods of psychotherapy, analysis, and research. He or she completes a masters or PhD degree in a specific field of interest. A clinical psychologist is trained in the use of tests to evaluate various aspects of a patient’s mental health and intelligence.)

4. Tools Used by Psychiatrists
psychotherapy
psychoanalysis
drug therapy
How many years of training do psychoanalysts need to conduct psychoanalysis? (They need to complete three to five years of training in the special psychotherapeutic technique.)
What is psychoanalysis? (Patients freely relate their thoughts to the analyst, who does not interfere in the flow of thoughts.)

5. Tools Used by Clinical Psychologists
psychotherapy
psychoanalysis
intelligence tests
mental processing tests
memory tests
personality tests
What are some intelligence tests? (Examples of I.Q. tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.)
What are some examples of personality tests? (The Rorschach technique, which are inkblots, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), in which pictures are used as stimuli for making up stories. Both tests are especially revealing of personality structure.)

6. Psychiatric Clinical Symptoms
Abnormalities in behavior evident to examining health professionals
amnesia
anxiety
apathy
autistic thought
compulsion
conversion
delusion
dissociation
dysphoria
euphoria
hallucination
labile
mania
mutism
obsession
paranoia
This is a good opportunity to not only review, but learn the pronunciations for symptom definitions.
What is amnesia?
What is a delusion?
What is mutism?
What is paranoia?

7. Psychiatric Disorders
Sigmund Freud and personality structure: id
ego
superego
Defense mechanisms
Which of these three parts of the personality is more like a referee to the other two parts? (The ego. It is the central coordinating branch of the personality. It is the mediator between the id and the outside world.)
In one corner is the id. It represents the unconscious instincts and psychic energy present at birth and thereafter. From the id arises basic drives that seek immediate gratification regardless of the reality of the situation.
And in the other corner? The superego. It is the internalized conscience and moral part of the personality. Guilt feelings, for instance, arise from behavior and thoughts that do not conform to the standards of the superego.

8. Psychiatric Disorders (cont’d)
anxiety disorders
delirium and dementia
dissociative disorders
eating disorders
mood disorders
personality disorders
Eating disorders predominantly affect adolescent females, and include anorexia and bulimia.
How many of you have already heard of eating disorders?
What are some ways to detect whether someone has an eating disorder?
What are different types of mood disorders? (Bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, and cyclothymic disorder—a mild form of bipolar disorder characterized by at least two years of hypomania and numerous depressive episodes that do not meet the criteria that define a major depressive episode.)

9. Anxiety Disorders
Characterized by unpleasant tension, distress,
troubled feelings, and avoidance behavior
Phobic disorders: agoraphobia, acrophobia, claustrophobia, zoophobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): recurrent thoughts, repetitive acts, rituals
Post-traumatic stress disorder: fear, helplessness,insomnia,nightmares
What are some effective ways to treat OCD? (Several antidepressant drugs, including clomipramine, have been used to treat OCD with considerable success, particularly when combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy.)
Another symptom of PTSD is a diminished response to the external world.

10. Delirium and Dementia
Disorders of abnormal cognition (thinking, perception, reasoning, judgment)
Delirium: mental confusion, incoherent speech, sensory misperception, disorientation, memory impairment
Dementia: gradual loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of judgment, memory, abstract thinking, and personality
What delirium is caused by alcohol withdrawal? (delirium tremens)
What are some possible causes of these conditions? (Dementia is usually due to Alzheimer disease, but it also can be due to cerebrovascular disease, CNS infection, brain trauma, tumors, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases.)

11. Dissociative Disorders
Chronic or sudden disturbances of memory, identity, consciousness, or perception of the environment not caused by brain damage or drugs.
Dissociative identity disorder: two personalities take over
Dissociative amnesia: memory loss of personal information
Dissociative fugue: sudden unexpected travel
What “two” literary figures represent dissociative identity disorder? (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)
What does “fugue” mean? (Flight. The fugue disorder includes the assumption of a new identity and an inability to recall one’s previous identity.)

12. Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain body weight, conscious relentless attempt to diet, excessive overactivity and exercise
Bulimia: binge and purge eating using vomiting and misuse of laxatives or enemas
Bulimics usually have low to normal body weight. Is that the same with anorexics?
This condition’s principal symptom is a conscious, relentless attempt to diet along with excessive, compulsive overactivity, such as exercise, running, or gymnastics.

13. Mood Disorders
Prolonged emotion that dominates a person’s entire mental life
Bipolar disorder: alternating manic and depressive episodes
Cyclothymic disorder: mild bipolar with at least 2 years of hypomania and numerous depressive episodes
Depressive disorder: major depression, severe dysphoria
Dysthymic disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Major depression involves episodes of dysphoria. What is that? (Sadness, hopelessness, worry, discouragement.)
Depression has other symptoms, including appetite disturbances and changes in weight, sleep, fatigue, sense of worthlessness, hopelessness, inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, thoughts of death or suicide.
Dysthymia is a depressive disorder involving a depressed mood that persists over a two-year period, but it is not as severe as major depression.
What is SAD? (A regular appearance of depression during low light periods of the year lasting roughly 60 days. In the United States, it tends to occur beginning around October or November every year.)

14. Personality Disorders
Impaired ways of thinking and relating to and perceiving the environment and self, leading to conflict, distress, and inflexibility
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Paranoid
Schizoid
Review definitions by asking student to define and pronounce these disorders correctly.