Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems

Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems
Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices) Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices) Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems

Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Describe common disk technologies Describe disk partition styles Distinguish between basic and dynamic disk storage technology Explain Storage Spaces technology Use disk management tools Prepare and manage physical disks Create and manage virtual hard disks (VHDs) Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Describe common disk technologies Describe disk partition styles Distinguish between basic and dynamic disk storage technology Explain Storage Spaces technology Use disk management tools Prepare and manage physical disks Create and manage virtual hard disks (VHDs) Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d): Use Storage Spaces to create and manage storage pools, storage space volumes, and resilience Describe Windows 10 file system features, limits, and tasks List file and folder attributes used in Windows 10 file systems Understand Windows 10 file and folder permissions Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to: Use Storage Spaces to create and manage storage pools, storage space volumes, and resilience Describe Windows 10 file system features, limits, and tasks List file and folder attributes used in Windows 10 file systems Understand Windows 10 file and folder permissions Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Disk Technology Can be categorized by:
How it is connected to the computer How it is presented to Windows 10 When reviewing disk technology for use with Windows 10, consider these disk technologies: Internal Disk External Disk Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) Multiple Disks as One Logical Disk Disk Technology Can be categorized by: How it is connected to the computer How it is presented to Windows 10 When reviewing disk technology for use with Windows 10, consider these disk technologies: Internal Disk External Disk Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) Multiple Disks as One Logical Disk Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Internal Disk Typical internal disk interface types include SATA, USB, PCI bus, or custom electrical device integration Internal disks are commonly realized with: Electromechanical drives Solid-state drives (SSD) Custom embedded chip memory Internal Disk Typical internal disk interface types include SATA, USB, PCI bus, or custom electrical device integration Internal disks are commonly realized with: Electromechanical drives Solid-state drives (SSD) Custom embedded chip memory Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

External Disk Used to connect removable portable disk storage
Typical external disk interface types include USB, eSATA, wireless, and Thunderbolt Best practice Avoid using external disks as a location for operating system files Using removable storage for OS files is supported only as a special feature for Windows 10 Enterprise called Windows To Go External Disk Used to connect removable portable disk storage Typical external disk interface types include USB, eSATA, wireless, and Thunderbolt Best practice Avoid using external disks as a location for operating system files Using removable storage for OS files is supported only as a special feature for Windows 10 Enterprise called Windows To Go Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Virtual Hard Disk (VHD)
Windows 10 natively supports VHD operations Files can be stored in a VHD storage location just like any other disk technology Once the VHD is made available in the Windows 10 operating system All file data stored in a VHD is actually stored in a single file on the file system of a real disk drive All versions of Windows 10 support VHD operations Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) Windows 10 natively supports VHD operations Files can be stored in a VHD storage location just like any other disk technology Once the VHD is made available in the Windows 10 operating system All file data stored in a VHD is actually stored in a single file on the file system of a real disk drive All versions of Windows 10 support VHD operations Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Multiple Disks as One Logical Disk
Logical disk appears to the Windows 10 operating system as if it is one disk drive Windows 10 can combine multiple disks as one logical disk using software built into the operating system Windows 10 supports Storage Spaces Can combine multiple disks as one logical disk using technology similar to RAID but is more enhanced Multiple Disks as One Logical Disk Logical disk appears to the Windows 10 operating system as if it is one disk drive Windows 10 can combine multiple disks as one logical disk using software built into the operating system Windows 10 supports Storage Spaces Can combine multiple disks as one logical disk using technology similar to RAID but is more enhanced Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Partition Styles Windows 10 can organize data on disk drives using one of several partition styles When a blank disk is first configured for use by Windows, one of these styles must be selected: Master Boot Record (MBR) GUID Partition Table (GPT) Partition Styles Windows 10 can organize data on disk drives using one of several partition styles When a blank disk is first configured for use by Windows, one of these styles must be selected: Master Boot Record (MBR) GUID Partition Table (GPT) Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Master Boot Record (MBR)
BIOS firmware initializes the computer Computer must find and load the operating system MBR defines where the BIOS examines the disk drive to determine where blocks of data are stored on the disk And the types of data in those blocks (partitions) MBR disk technology is limited to organizing partitions on a single logical drive up to 2 terabytes (TB) Master Boot Record (MBR) BIOS firmware initializes the computer Computer must find and load the operating system MBR defines where the BIOS examines the disk drive to determine where blocks of data are stored on the disk And the types of data in those blocks (partitions) MBR disk technology is limited to organizing partitions on a single logical drive up to 2 terabytes (TB) Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

GUID Partition Table (GPT)
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) A replacement for BIOS UEFI defines the GUID Partition Table (GPT) as a replacement for MBR disk partitioning GUID Partition Table (GPT) Replacement for MBR specifications Supports disks larger than 2 TB Only computers that start from UEFI firmware can boot from a disk drive using the GPT partition style GUID Partition Table (GPT) Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) A replacement for BIOS UEFI defines the GUID Partition Table (GPT) as a replacement for MBR disk partitioning Replacement for MBR specifications Supports disks larger than 2 TB Only computers that start from UEFI firmware can boot from a disk drive using the GPT partition style Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Types of Disks Empty space on the drive can be organized using three different methods in Windows 10: Basic disk storage Dynamic disk storage Storage Spaces Types of Disks Empty space on the drive can be organized using three different methods in Windows 10: Basic disk storage Dynamic disk storage Storage Spaces Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Basic Disks Basic disk Hard disk initialized to use basic storage technology All versions of Windows support MBR-style basic disk storage Basic disks can have its space organized into one or more defined areas of storage called partitions Partition is identified by size and type of data it holds Partition information is stored in a data table on the disk that is part of the MBR or GPT specifications Basic Disks Basic disk Hard disk initialized to use basic storage technology All versions of Windows support MBR-style basic disk storage Basic disks can have its space organized into one or more defined areas of storage called partitions Partition is identified by size and type of data it holds Partition information is stored in a data table on the disk that is part of the MBR or GPT specifications Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Dynamic Disks Dynamic disk Dynamic disk storage On dynamic disks
Disks using either MBR or GPT can be dynamic Dynamic disk storage Provides the flexibility to logically organize disk space across one or more disk drives On dynamic disks Blocks of space are called volumes Use of dynamic disks is not recommended today Most disk recovery utilities were never updated to work with dynamic disks Dynamic Disks Dynamic disk Disks using either MBR or GPT can be dynamic Dynamic disk storage Provides the flexibility to logically organize disk space across one or more disk drives On dynamic disks Blocks of space are called volumes Use of dynamic disks is not recommended today Most disk recovery utilities were never updated to work with dynamic disks Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Spaces Storage Spaces
An inexpensive way to combine, or pool, storage of multiple physical disk drives Can also provide fault tolerance with data redundancy across multiple disks Introduced in Windows Server 2012 Easier and less expensive than most consumer level hardware-based solutions for data redundancy Software-based Storage Spaces An inexpensive way to combine, or pool, storage of multiple physical disk drives Can also provide fault tolerance with data redundancy across multiple disks Introduced in Windows Server 2012 Easier and less expensive than most consumer level hardware-based solutions for data redundancy Software-based Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Spaces Combines selected physical disks into a managed logical group called a storage pool Acts as a container for data storage and can grow or shrink as physical disks are added or removed Storage pool presents users with a virtualized representation of a disk capable of storing files Before virtual storage space is available At least one storage pool must be created Storage Spaces Combines selected physical disks into a managed logical group called a storage pool Acts as a container for data storage and can grow or shrink as physical disks are added or removed Storage pool presents users with a virtualized representation of a disk capable of storing files Before virtual storage space is available At least one storage pool must be created Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Pool Storage pool Once disks are assigned to a storage pool
Identifying one or more physical disks that should be assigned to the pool Once disks are assigned to a storage pool Storage Spaces has access to the disks There can be more than one storage pool on a computer A disk can only be assigned to one storage pool Storage Spaces can work with a wide variety of disk at the same time Storage Pool Storage pool Identifying one or more physical disks that should be assigned to the pool Once disks are assigned to a storage pool Storage Spaces has access to the disks There can be more than one storage pool on a computer A disk can only be assigned to one storage pool Storage Spaces can work with a wide variety of disk at the same time Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Pool Disks can be removed from a storage pool if the remaining disks in the pool can store the information that was on the disk being removed During removal, the disk has its data moved to the remaining disks If there is not enough space in the pool, the disk will fail to be removed from the pool Storage Pool Disks can be removed from a storage pool if the remaining disks in the pool can store the information that was on the disk being removed During removal, the disk has its data moved to the remaining disks If there is not enough space in the pool, the disk will fail to be removed from the pool Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Space Storage space
Space you allocate from the storage pool Storage Spaces technology allows for the over-allocation of storage spaces created from storage pools If the storage pool used to create a 900 GB volume only has 500 GB of physical disk space available Windows 10 will complete write operations without an issue as long as there is free space As space gets low, Windows will warn users, delete other data in the pool, or save less data to the pool Storage Space Storage space Space you allocate from the storage pool Storage Spaces technology allows for the over-allocation of storage spaces created from storage pools If the storage pool used to create a 900 GB volume only has 500 GB of physical disk space available Windows 10 will complete write operations without an issue as long as there is free space As space gets low, Windows will warn users, delete other data in the pool, or save less data to the pool Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Storage Space If one physical disk member fails, the storage space volumes created from the pool may fail or survive depending on how the volume was configured for resiliency Managing Storage Spaces in Windows 10 requires the use of new administrative tools such as: Storage Spaces Control Panel application PowerShell commands Storage Space If one physical disk member fails, the storage space volumes created from the pool may fail or survive depending on how the volume was configured for resiliency Managing Storage Spaces in Windows 10 requires the use of new administrative tools such as: Storage Spaces Control Panel application PowerShell commands Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Disk Management Tools Windows 10 tools Disk Management DiskPart
Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Disk Management Disk Management console MMC console snap-in
Part of the Computer Management utility Provides a graphical interface Allows a member of the Administrators group to observe and make changes to the computer’s disk configuration Allows changes to be made interactively Usually takes effect immediately without restart Disk Management Disk Management console MMC console snap-in Part of the Computer Management utility Provides a graphical interface Allows a member of the Administrators group to observe and make changes to the computer’s disk configuration Allows changes to be made interactively Usually takes effect immediately without restart Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Disk Management Figure 4-1 Disk Management console

DiskPart Command-line tool
Allows disk and volume operations to be performed: From a text-based screen interactively From a scripted file Operations are driven by a sequence of commands Each command has object to focus its action on Commands can execute: As part of a scheduled task As an automated response on the local computer or remotely on another computer DiskPart Command-line tool Allows disk and volume operations to be performed: From a text-based screen interactively From a scripted file Operations are driven by a sequence of commands Each command has object to focus its action on Commands can execute: As part of a scheduled task As an automated response on the local computer or remotely on another computer Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

DiskPart Figure 4-2 DiskPart running in interactive mode

Managing Physical Disks
Major activities for proper disk administration: Installing or moving disks Preparing hard disks Managing Physical Disks Major activities for proper disk administration: Installing or moving disks Preparing hard disks Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Installing or Moving Disks
A brand new drive is typically not initialized by Windows Requires preparation by Windows A basic disk can be moved from one computer to another and it will remain a basic disk Dynamic disk database stores the name of the computer to which the dynamic disk belongs When a dynamic disk is moved to a different computer, the computer identification in the database must be changed Installing or Moving Disks A brand new drive is typically not initialized by Windows Requires preparation by Windows A basic disk can be moved from one computer to another and it will remain a basic disk Dynamic disk database stores the name of the computer to which the dynamic disk belongs When a dynamic disk is moved to a different computer, the computer identification in the database must be changed Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Installing or Moving Disks
Disk Management console reports the status of the disk as a Foreign Disk When it recognizes that the disk does not belong to that computer To import a disk you must use the Import Foreign Disk option from the Disk Management utility In Storage Spaces When a storage pool is moved form one computer to another, all disk members of the pool should be moved at the same time Installing or Moving Disks Disk Management console reports the status of the disk as a Foreign Disk When it recognizes that the disk does not belong to that computer To import a disk you must use the Import Foreign Disk option from the Disk Management utility In Storage Spaces When a storage pool is moved form one computer to another, all disk members of the pool should be moved at the same time Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Preparing Hard Disks Hard disk devices must be prepared to work with the computer before data can be stored on them by ensuring that three tasks are performed: Scan for new hardware changes Scan for disks Initialize new disks Preparing Hard Disks Hard disk devices must be prepared to work with the computer before data can be stored on them by ensuring that three tasks are performed: Scan for new hardware changes Scan for disks Initialize new disks Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Preparing Hard Disks Scan for New Hardware Changes Scan for Disks
The hardware used to connect hard disk to the computer may consist of many individual components Device Manager utility detects device driver issues Triggers a manual scan for hardware changes if the Plug and Play system did not detect the change Scan for Disks OS may not see the new disks immediately Windows 10 can be forced to manually recheck all of the connected hardware Preparing Hard Disks Scan for New Hardware Changes The hardware used to connect hard disk to the computer may consist of many individual components Device Manager utility detects device driver issues Triggers a manual scan for hardware changes if the Plug and Play system did not detect the change Scan for Disks OS may not see the new disks immediately Windows 10 can be forced to manually recheck all of the connected hardware Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Preparing Hard Disks Initialize New Disks
Disk cannot be used until it is initialized as an MBR or GPT disk Process is called disk initialization and is triggered by Windows 10 when it sees a blank new hard disk for the first time Disk Management console can trigger the process manually Preparing Hard Disks Initialize New Disks Disk cannot be used until it is initialized as an MBR or GPT disk Process is called disk initialization and is triggered by Windows 10 when it sees a blank new hard disk for the first time Disk Management console can trigger the process manually Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Virtual Disk Management Tasks
Windows 10 provides native support for working with Virtual Hard Disks (VHDs): Creating VHDs Attaching VHDs and detaching VHDs Virtual Disk Management Tasks Windows 10 provides native support for working with Virtual Hard Disks (VHDs): Creating VHDs Attaching VHDs and detaching VHDs Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Creating VHDs VHD in Windows 10 is created as a single file on an attached physical disk drive Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility To create a VHD, you must specify the following information: Location Virtual Hard Disk Size Virtual Hard Disk Format Virtual Hard Disk Type Creating VHDs VHD in Windows 10 is created as a single file on an attached physical disk drive Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility To create a VHD, you must specify the following information: Location Virtual Hard Disk Size Virtual Hard Disk Format Virtual Hard Disk Type Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attaching and Detaching VHDs
VHD must be attached, or mounted, to be available to the operating system and the user All versions of Windows 10 can attach an existing VHD file Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility Only time a VHD automatically mounts as the computer starts Special case where Windows 10 is configured to boot from a VHD file Attaching and Detaching VHDs VHD must be attached, or mounted, to be available to the operating system and the user All versions of Windows 10 can attach an existing VHD file Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility Only time a VHD automatically mounts as the computer starts Special case where Windows 10 is configured to boot from a VHD file Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attaching and Detaching VHDs
VHD must be detached, or dismounted, to make it unavailable to the operating system and the user All versions of Windows 10 support the ability to detach an existing VHD file Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility Attaching and Detaching VHDs VHD must be detached, or dismounted, to make it unavailable to the operating system and the user All versions of Windows 10 support the ability to detach an existing VHD file Use the Disk Management snap-in or the DiskPart command-line utility Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Managing Storage Spaces
Manage Storage Spaces view A graphical control interface found in the System and Security Control Panel section Allows administrative users to create and manage storage pools and storage spaces Allows changes to be made interactively and take effect immediately without requiring the computer to restarted Once disks are added to a storage pool they must be managed within the Manage Storage Spaces view Managing Storage Spaces Manage Storage Spaces view A graphical control interface found in the System and Security Control Panel section Allows administrative users to create and manage storage pools and storage spaces Allows changes to be made interactively and take effect immediately without requiring the computer to restarted Once disks are added to a storage pool they must be managed within the Manage Storage Spaces view Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Creating an Initial Storage Pool and Storage Space
Initial Manage Storage Spaces view shows only a link to launch the Storage Spaces agent software This will trigger a wizard that creates a new storage pool and storage space Once a storage pool exists, the Manage Storage Spaces view changes to provide management options for existing storage pools and storage spaces Creating an Initial Storage Pool and Storage Space Initial Manage Storage Spaces view shows only a link to launch the Storage Spaces agent software This will trigger a wizard that creates a new storage pool and storage space Once a storage pool exists, the Manage Storage Spaces view changes to provide management options for existing storage pools and storage spaces Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-3 Initial Storage Spaces settings Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-4 Storage Spaces settings after initial setup Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Managing Storage Pools and Storage Spaces
The end user has the option to customize the storage pool by: Renaming a storage pool Adding disk drives to the pool Creating or deleting a storage space volume assigned to the pool Optimizing drive usage within the pool Managing Storage Pools and Storage Spaces The end user has the option to customize the storage pool by: Renaming a storage pool Adding disk drives to the pool Creating or deleting a storage space volume assigned to the pool Optimizing drive usage within the pool Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Configuring Storage Spaces Fault Tolerance
A storage space volume can be configured for fault tolerance if the proper starting conditions are met Different levels of fault tolerance are available Similar to traditional RAID levels but are customized to operate with additional functionality not normally found in traditional RAID Configuring Storage Spaces Fault Tolerance A storage space volume can be configured for fault tolerance if the proper starting conditions are met Different levels of fault tolerance are available Similar to traditional RAID levels but are customized to operate with additional functionality not normally found in traditional RAID Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Configuring Storage Spaces Fault Tolerance

File Systems File system Windows 10 supports four file systems
Allows OS to store and organize files on a hard disk Windows 10 supports four file systems File Allocation Table (FAT) NT File System (NTFS) Resilient File System (ReFS) Universal Disk Format (UDF) File Systems File system Allows OS to store and organize files on a hard disk Windows 10 supports four file systems File Allocation Table (FAT) NT File System (NTFS) Resilient File System (ReFS) Universal Disk Format (UDF) Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

File Allocation Table File Allocation Table (FAT)
Earliest file system used for hard disks by the MS-DOS operating system Versions of FAT that can be used with Windows 10 FAT FAT32 exFAT Windows 10 will not use FAT 32 as a file system for new partitions or volumes larger than 32 GB File Allocation Table File Allocation Table (FAT) Earliest file system used for hard disks by the MS-DOS operating system Versions of FAT that can be used with Windows 10 FAT FAT32 exFAT Windows 10 will not use FAT 32 as a file system for new partitions or volumes larger than 32 GB Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

File Allocation Table In Windows 10, FAT should be used for file systems only when portability to non-Microsoft OSs is concern FAT is used mostly for portable media such as USB memory sticks and memory cards for phones FAT does not provide file system security File Allocation Table In Windows 10, FAT should be used for file systems only when portability to non-Microsoft OSs is concern FAT is used mostly for portable media such as USB memory sticks and memory cards for phones FAT does not provide file system security Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

New Technology File System
New Technology File System (NTFS) Introduced with Windows NT Stores files and folders similarly to FAT Difference is in how data is secured, reliably managed, and allowed to grow New Technology File System New Technology File System (NTFS) Introduced with Windows NT Stores files and folders similarly to FAT Difference is in how data is secured, reliably managed, and allowed to grow Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Disk Quotas Amount of disk space used by a user can be limited Set using the Disk Management console or the fsutil command-line utility As users approach limits, warnings can be issued The Quota Entries button on the Quota tab opens a Quota Entries window where user-specific limits can be defined that override the default settings New Technology File System Disk Quotas Amount of disk space used by a user can be limited Set using the Disk Management console or the fsutil command-line utility As users approach limits, warnings can be issued The Quota Entries button on the Quota tab opens a Quota Entries window where user-specific limits can be defined that override the default settings Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-6 NTFS-formatted disk properties, disk Quota tab, quota entries listed by owner Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Volume Mount Points Allow an empty folder in an NTFS-formatted file system to point to another partition or volume in the local computer Created with the Disk Management console Different mount points can point to the same target partition or volume Symbolic Links Point to a file or folder located somewhere other than that folder New Technology File System Volume Mount Points Allow an empty folder in an NTFS-formatted file system to point to another partition or volume in the local computer Created with the Disk Management console Different mount points can point to the same target partition or volume Symbolic Links Point to a file or folder located somewhere other than that folder Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Symbolic Links (cont’d) A hard link can only point to a file on the same partition or volume as the hard link object Is a duplicate directory entry that points to the contents of a target file A junction point points to folders only The path to the target folder must be specified using an absolute path New Technology File System Symbolic Links (cont’d) A hard link can only point to a file on the same partition or volume as the hard link object Is a duplicate directory entry that points to the contents of a target file A junction point points to folders only The path to the target folder must be specified using an absolute path Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Resilient File System Resilient File System (ReFS)
Newer file system that offers a subset of NTFS features and several new enhancements Designed to verify and autocorrect data faults on the volume without having to bring the volume down for maintenance Cannot be used to format the system boot volume Some NTFS features have been removed, such as file and folder compression, disk quotas, and EFS Resilient File System Resilient File System (ReFS) Newer file system that offers a subset of NTFS features and several new enhancements Designed to verify and autocorrect data faults on the volume without having to bring the volume down for maintenance Cannot be used to format the system boot volume Some NTFS features have been removed, such as file and folder compression, disk quotas, and EFS Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Universal Disk Format Universal Disk Format (UDF)
Developed as a standard to allow file interchange between different operating systems Ideal for storing files on portable CD-ROM and DVD media Windows 10 supports both reading and writing of files to the UDF file system Universal Disk Format Universal Disk Format (UDF) Developed as a standard to allow file interchange between different operating systems Ideal for storing files on portable CD-ROM and DVD media Windows 10 supports both reading and writing of files to the UDF file system Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

File System Tasks Common file system changes
Changing the assigned drive letter Converting the installed file system File System Tasks Common file system changes Changing the assigned drive letter Converting the installed file system Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Changing Drive Letters
Used by applications and users as a quick reference to locate files Can change the drive letter, or assign a new one, to a partition or volume Using the Disk Management console A single drive letter can only be assigned to one partition or volume Can remove drive letters from a partition or volume Changing Drive Letters Drive letters Used by applications and users as a quick reference to locate files Can change the drive letter, or assign a new one, to a partition or volume Using the Disk Management console A single drive letter can only be assigned to one partition or volume Can remove drive letters from a partition or volume Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Converting File Systems
Steps to convert ReFS or NTFS to FAT Back up the data on the partition Reformat the partition with FAT32 Restore the data originally backed up from the NTFS partition Steps to convert FAT to NTFS Ensure free space remains on the partition Convert partition using convert command-line utility Converting File Systems Steps to convert ReFS or NTFS to FAT Back up the data on the partition Reformat the partition with FAT32 Restore the data originally backed up from the NTFS partition Steps to convert FAT to NTFS Ensure free space remains on the partition Convert partition using convert command-line utility Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Converting File Systems
Convert command-line utility has the syntax of: convert drive_id /FS:NTFS Converting a partition requires that the convert utility runs with full Administrative access To the local computer Converting File Systems Convert command-line utility has the syntax of: convert drive_id /FS:NTFS Converting a partition requires that the convert utility runs with full Administrative access To the local computer Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

File and Folder Attributes
FAT, ReFS, and NTFS file systems use attributes To describe general information about a file or folder To see general attributes of a file or folder View the properties of the item in File Explorer The General tab displays basic attributes File and Folder Attributes FAT, ReFS, and NTFS file systems use attributes To describe general information about a file or folder To see general attributes of a file or folder View the properties of the item in File Explorer The General tab displays basic attributes Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-7 Properties of a file on an NTFS file system, General tab Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-8 Properties of a file on an NTFS file system, General tab, Advanced attributes Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure 4-9 Confirm scope of advanced attribute change to a folder Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attribute Flags Attribute flags Read Only Archive
Control some aspects of how the operating system interacts with the object Read Only Flag will block changes to the contents of a file Flag is used to indicate that the folder is a system folder and should be treated differently Archive Set by OS when a file or folder changes Attribute Flags Attribute flags Control some aspects of how the operating system interacts with the object Read Only Flag will block changes to the contents of a file Flag is used to indicate that the folder is a system folder and should be treated differently Archive Set by OS when a file or folder changes Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attribute Flags Archive (cont'd) Hidden System
Indicates that the contents have changed since the last time the file was backed up Hidden Set by user or OS to hide folders and files from user System Set by OS for specific folders and files Attribute Flags Archive (cont'd) Indicates that the contents have changed since the last time the file was backed up Hidden Set by user or OS to hide folders and files from user System Set by OS for specific folders and files Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attribute Flags Compress
Only supported on volumes and partitions formatted with NTFS When a file is moved from its current location to a new location in the same NTFS partition Attributes do not change When copying compressed files Compress attribute on the file becomes the same as the target folder’s compress attribute setting Attribute Flags Compress Only supported on volumes and partitions formatted with NTFS When a file is moved from its current location to a new location in the same NTFS partition Attributes do not change When copying compressed files Compress attribute on the file becomes the same as the target folder’s compress attribute setting Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Attribute Flags Encrypt
Only supported on volumes and partitions formatted with NTFS Folder or file that is set to be encrypted cannot be compressed Folder that is set as encrypted is not encrypted itself Only users with valid digital security keys can decrypt and access an encrypted file’s contents Encrypted file will remain encrypted unless: Encrypt attribute is disabled File is saved to a volume that does not support encrypt Attribute Flags Encrypt Only supported on volumes and partitions formatted with NTFS Folder or file that is set to be encrypted cannot be compressed Folder that is set as encrypted is not encrypted itself Only users with valid digital security keys can decrypt and access an encrypted file’s contents Encrypted file will remain encrypted unless: Encrypt attribute is disabled File is saved to a volume that does not support encrypt Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

File and Folder Permissions
Access Control List (ACL) Collection of Access Control Entries (ACE) Identify a specific security identifier (that is, who) can perform a given action (that is, what) to a file or folder Used to specify what a user or group is allowed to do with the file or folder ACLs are supported by Windows 10 for the NTFS file system NTFS permission settings apply equally to ReFS security, but ReFS cannot be used to format the C: partition File and Folder Permissions Access Control List (ACL) Collection of Access Control Entries (ACE) Identify a specific security identifier (that is, who) can perform a given action (that is, what) to a file or folder Used to specify what a user or group is allowed to do with the file or folder ACLs are supported by Windows 10 for the NTFS file system NTFS permission settings apply equally to ReFS security, but ReFS cannot be used to format the C: partition Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Default Folder Permissions
First level of folder in an NTFS partition is root folder Default permissions for the root folder Members of Administrators group have full control OS has full control Members of Users group can read and execute programs Authenticated users can create folders in this folder Authenticated users can create files and write data in subfolders only Default Folder Permissions First level of folder in an NTFS partition is root folder Default permissions for the root folder Members of Administrators group have full control OS has full control Members of Users group can read and execute programs Authenticated users can create folders in this folder Authenticated users can create files and write data in subfolders only Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Figure Security tab for an NTFS device’s properties Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Default permissions for C: subfolders Members of Administrators group have full control OS has full control Members of Users group can read and execute programs Authenticated users can create, modify, and delete files and folders In this folder and its subfolders Additional folders and files inherit permissions from the parent Default Folder Permissions Default permissions for C: subfolders Members of Administrators group have full control OS has full control Members of Users group can read and execute programs Authenticated users can create, modify, and delete files and folders In this folder and its subfolders Additional folders and files inherit permissions from the parent Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Inheritance allows a permission setting to propagate to lower subfolders NTFS permissions are assigned using two formats NTFS standard permissions Individual NTFS permissions Default Folder Permissions Inheritance allows a permission setting to propagate to lower subfolders NTFS permissions are assigned using two formats NTFS standard permissions Individual NTFS permissions Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

NTFS Standard Permissions
Collection of predetermined individual NTFS permissions Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Individual NTFS Permissions
Fine-tune access and control for files and folders Only visible when editing a permission entry in the advanced security view Individual NTFS Permissions Fine-tune access and control for files and folders Only visible when editing a permission entry in the advanced security view Figure Viewing advanced individual NTFS permission on a file Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Permission Scope Determines what other objects are impacted by the assigned permission For files, the scope is limited to this object only Scope for folders include: This folder only This folder, subfolders, and files This folder and subfolders This folder and files Subfolders and files only Subfolders only Files only Permission Scope Determines what other objects are impacted by the assigned permission For files, the scope is limited to this object only Scope for folders include: This folder only This folder, subfolders, and files This folder and subfolders This folder and files Subfolders and files only Subfolders only Files only Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Permission Inheritance
NTFS permissions for folders apply to the first folder on which they are used Permission propagates to all folders below that point Inheritance can be blocked Once blocked, the object needs new permissions assigned to it Any file or folder can have additional permissions assigned directly to the object That combine with the inherited permissions Permission Inheritance NTFS permissions for folders apply to the first folder on which they are used Permission propagates to all folders below that point Inheritance can be blocked Once blocked, the object needs new permissions assigned to it Any file or folder can have additional permissions assigned directly to the object That combine with the inherited permissions Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Effective Permissions
Items that impact calculating permissions Permissions can be inherited or directly assigned Each permission has a scope that determines what range of objects it applies to Permissions can be allowed or denied Permissions can be applied to groups, and any member of that group receives those permissions Users can be members in multiple groups that have different permissions to the same object Owners of a file or folder have full control of the object Effective Permissions Items that impact calculating permissions Permissions can be inherited or directly assigned Each permission has a scope that determines what range of objects it applies to Permissions can be allowed or denied Permissions can be applied to groups, and any member of that group receives those permissions Users can be members in multiple groups that have different permissions to the same object Owners of a file or folder have full control of the object Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Effective Permissions
Figure Effective Access tab in advanced file or folder security settings Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Ownership Each NTFS file or folder has an owner
Owner of a file or folder always has the ability to assign permissions to that file or folder Members of the Administrator group Have the right, by default, to assign or take ownership of a file or folder Users with the Full control standard permission or the individual NTFS permission Take ownership Can also assume ownership of a file Ownership Each NTFS file or folder has an owner Owner of a file or folder always has the ability to assign permissions to that file or folder Members of the Administrator group Have the right, by default, to assign or take ownership of a file or folder Users with the Full control standard permission or the individual NTFS permission Take ownership Can also assume ownership of a file Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Permission Changes when Content is Copied or Moved
Copy operations always create new versions of the content that is being copied New versions will inherit the permission settings of the target location Move operations affect permissions differently Depending on the destination location relative to the source location Source and target locations on the same volume, no changes Source and target locations on different volumes, just like a copy operation Permission Changes when Content is Copied or Moved Copy operations always create new versions of the content that is being copied New versions will inherit the permission settings of the target location Move operations affect permissions differently Depending on the destination location relative to the source location Source and target locations on the same volume, no changes Source and target locations on different volumes, just like a copy operation Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Permission Strategy Considerations
Assigning and managing file permissions is seldom required for computer running Windows 10 Administrators have full access to entire system Users have full access to their own profiles Users to not have access to profiles of other users or the ability to modify system files Permission Strategy Considerations Assigning and managing file permissions is seldom required for computer running Windows 10 Administrators have full access to entire system Users have full access to their own profiles Users to not have access to profiles of other users or the ability to modify system files Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Summary Windows 10 supports MBR and GPT partition styles that use basic and dynamic disk technology to organize data into partitions and volumes on physical disks Initial disk management activities include preparing new disks for use and moving disks Virtual Hard Disks (VHDs) are natively supported by Windows 10 and can be managed as a basic disk once the VHD is attached in the OS Summary Windows 10 supports MBR and GPT partition styles that use basic and dynamic disk technology to organize data into partitions and volumes on physical disks Initial disk management activities include preparing new disks for use and moving disks Virtual Hard Disks (VHDs) are natively supported by Windows 10 and can be managed as a basic disk once the VHD is attached in the OS Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Summary Storage Spaces technology is software based and used to combine physical disk drives into a managed pool The primary file systems used to format bulk storage are FAT, NTFS, ReFS, and UDF Users and applications can use drive letters or mount points to access partitions and volumes NTFS allows the use of file system objects called symbolic links that transparently point to files and folders in other locations Summary Storage Spaces technology is software based and used to combine physical disk drives into a managed pool The primary file systems used to format bulk storage are FAT, NTFS, ReFS, and UDF Users and applications can use drive letters or mount points to access partitions and volumes NTFS allows the use of file system objects called symbolic links that transparently point to files and folders in other locations Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Summary Given an NTFS-formatted source location, a copy operation will create content in a destination location NTFS and ReFS share a security model, as ReFS appears to the user as a subset of NTFS functionality Summary Given an NTFS-formatted source location, a copy operation will create content in a destination location NTFS and ReFS share a security model, as ReFS appears to the user as a subset of NTFS functionality Microsoft Specialist Guide to Microsoft Windows 10 (Exam , Configuring Windows Devices)

Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems

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Chapter 4 Managing Disks and File Systems

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