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Stratigraphy: Historical Geology Dr. Prabha Joshi

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1 Stratigraphy: Historical Geology Dr. Prabha Joshi
Department: B.E. Civil Engineering Subject: Engineering Geology Semester: III Teaching Aids Service by KRRC Information Section Teaching Aids Service by KRRC Information Section

2 Stratigraphy Historical Geology
The study of the origin, relationship and extent of rock layers (Strata).

3 Lithostratigraphy Each layer is a different rock type.
Chronostratigraphy Each layer has a different age. Biostratigraphy Each layer contains a different fossil assemblage.

4 Chronostratigraphic Rock and & Time Units
Time-Rock Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage Rock Unit Supergroup Group System Series Stage Time Unit Eon Era Period Epoch Age

5 Lithostratigraphic Units
Supergroup Group A Formation A Member A Member B Member C Formation B Member D Member E Member F Formation C Member G Member H Group B Formation D Member I Member J Member K Member L Member M Formation E Member N Member O Member P Member Q Formation F Member R Member S Member T Rock unit Supergroup | Group Formation Member Bed

6 Lithostratigraphic Example: Grand Canyon

7 How do we Illustrate Stratigraphy?
Stratigraphic Columns Cross Sections Geologic Maps

8 Principles (Laws) of Stratigraphy
Principle of… Original Horizontality Superposition Lateral Continuity Cross Cutting Relationships Unconfirmity and inclusions Faunal Succession Walther’s Law

9 1. Principle of Original Horizontality

10 2. Principle of Superposition
Youngest Strata Oldest Strata

11 3. Principle of Lateral Continuity

12 Lateral Continuity

13 4. Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships

14 5. Principle of Inclusions

15 Using Inclusions to Recognize a Nonconformity

16 6. Principle of Faunal Succession
Sketch by Baron Cuvier ( )

17 6. Principle of Faunal Succession
" each stratum contained organized fossils peculiar to itself, and might, in cases otherwise doubtful, be recognized and discriminated from others like it, but in a different part of the series, by examination of them."

18 Biostratigraphy Superzone - Biozones - Subzones
Defined by first and last appearance of index fossils and/or fossil assemblages

19 Boundaries: Conformable Bed Contacts
Gradational Sharp

20 Boundaries: Unconformities Gaps in Rock = Gaps in Time

21 Walther’s Law Johannes Walther ( )

22 Concept of Sedimentary Facies
Depositional Environments Facies Sedimentary Facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment.

23 Marine Transgression = Sea Level Rise Marine Regression = Sea Level Fall

24 Walther’s Law Sedimentary environments that started out side-by-side will end up overlapping one another over time due to transgressions and regressions. Facies Limestone Shale Siltstone Sandstone Reef Lagoon Near Shore Beach Environment

25 Marine Trangression Walther’s Law

26 Marine Regression

27 “The sea goes in, the sea goes out.”

28 A B C Regression Transgression

29 Correlation

30 Example of Correlation

31 Colorado Plateau Correlation

32 Colorado Plateau Correlation

33 Chronostratigraphic Units
Chronostratigraphic (Time-Rock) Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage

34 Chronostratigraphy and the Development of the Geologic Time Scale

35 Geological Time Scale

36

37

38 Relative Dating of Rocks Using Stratigraphic Principles

39 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
The Himalayan Mountains (ii) The Indogangetic Plains (iii) The Peninsular Plateau


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