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Stratigraphy: Historical Geology Dr. Prabha Joshi
Department: B.E. Civil Engineering Subject: Engineering Geology Semester: III Teaching Aids Service by KRRC Information Section Teaching Aids Service by KRRC Information Section
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Stratigraphy Historical Geology
The study of the origin, relationship and extent of rock layers (Strata).
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Lithostratigraphy Each layer is a different rock type.
Chronostratigraphy Each layer has a different age. Biostratigraphy Each layer contains a different fossil assemblage.
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Chronostratigraphic Rock and & Time Units
Time-Rock Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage Rock Unit Supergroup Group System Series Stage Time Unit Eon Era Period Epoch Age
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Lithostratigraphic Units
Supergroup Group A Formation A Member A Member B Member C Formation B Member D Member E Member F Formation C Member G Member H Group B Formation D Member I Member J Member K Member L Member M Formation E Member N Member O Member P Member Q Formation F Member R Member S Member T Rock unit Supergroup | Group Formation Member Bed
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Lithostratigraphic Example: Grand Canyon
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How do we Illustrate Stratigraphy?
Stratigraphic Columns Cross Sections Geologic Maps
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Principles (Laws) of Stratigraphy
Principle of… Original Horizontality Superposition Lateral Continuity Cross Cutting Relationships Unconfirmity and inclusions Faunal Succession Walther’s Law
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1. Principle of Original Horizontality
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2. Principle of Superposition
Youngest Strata Oldest Strata
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3. Principle of Lateral Continuity
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Lateral Continuity
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4. Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships
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5. Principle of Inclusions
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Using Inclusions to Recognize a Nonconformity
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6. Principle of Faunal Succession
Sketch by Baron Cuvier ( )
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6. Principle of Faunal Succession
" each stratum contained organized fossils peculiar to itself, and might, in cases otherwise doubtful, be recognized and discriminated from others like it, but in a different part of the series, by examination of them."
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Biostratigraphy Superzone - Biozones - Subzones
Defined by first and last appearance of index fossils and/or fossil assemblages
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Boundaries: Conformable Bed Contacts
Gradational Sharp
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Boundaries: Unconformities Gaps in Rock = Gaps in Time
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Walther’s Law Johannes Walther ( )
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Concept of Sedimentary Facies
Depositional Environments Facies Sedimentary Facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment.
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Marine Transgression = Sea Level Rise Marine Regression = Sea Level Fall
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Walther’s Law Sedimentary environments that started out side-by-side will end up overlapping one another over time due to transgressions and regressions. Facies Limestone Shale Siltstone Sandstone Reef Lagoon Near Shore Beach Environment
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Marine Trangression Walther’s Law
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Marine Regression
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“The sea goes in, the sea goes out.”
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A B C Regression Transgression
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Correlation
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Example of Correlation
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Colorado Plateau Correlation
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Colorado Plateau Correlation
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Chronostratigraphic Units
Chronostratigraphic (Time-Rock) Unit Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage
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Chronostratigraphy and the Development of the Geologic Time Scale
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Geological Time Scale
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Relative Dating of Rocks Using Stratigraphic Principles
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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
The Himalayan Mountains (ii) The Indogangetic Plains (iii) The Peninsular Plateau
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