1. INCORPORATING QUOTATIONS INTO WRITING

2. Blended Quotes Quotations cannot simply be “dropped” into a text!
This causes confusion for the reader (especially if they’ve forgotten the quote!).
It also makes the reading “rough” and “choppy,” which only detracts from your persuasiveness.
Therefore, quotes must be “blended” into your writing seamlessly…. Like this….

3. Types of Blending
Before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “‘I have done the state some service and they know’t.’” He speaks of himself as “one that loved not wisely but too well” and compares himself to “‘the base Indian’” who “‘threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe’” ( ). a b c
a = run-in quotation
b, c = embedded quotations

4. Run-in Quote Defined
Run-in quote: formally introduces the quote by who is saying it/ introduction is always followed by a comma
Before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “‘I have done the state some service and they know’t.’”

5. Embedded Quote Defined
Embedded quote: a quotation that is “mixed” into the writing and is used as if it is part of the writer’s own words
He speaks of himself as “one that loved not wisely but too well” and compares himself to “‘the base Indian’” who “‘threw a pearl away / Richer than all his tribe’” ( ).

6. How do you blend quotes exactly? You add TCS!
Setting up Quotes
How do you blend quotes exactly? You add TCS!
Set them up with a TCS:
(Transition, Context, Speaker).
However, before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).

7. TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
Setting up quotes
TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
“I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
However, before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
WRONG T
RIGHT

8. TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
Setting up quotes
TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
“I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
However, before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
WRONG T C
RIGHT

9. TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
Setting up quotes
TCS (Transition, Context, Speaker).
“I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
However, before stabbing himself, Othello reminds his listeners, “I have done the state some service and they know’t” ( ).
WRONG T C S
RIGHT

10. TCS Rule #1 Every blended quotation must have TCS!
WRONG
The “influence [of] Austen’s secluded lifestyle” was profound.
According to Jim Halloway’s criticism entitled “Jane Austen’s Life and Times,” Halloway describes the “influence Austen’s secluded lifestyle had upon her writing.”
RIGHT

11. TCS Rule #2
TCS can appear in any order, but MUST appear BEFORE the Quotation!
WRONG
For example, the “influence [of] Austen’s secluded lifestyle […] upon her writing” had a profound impact, which Jim Halloway describes in his literary criticism entitled “Jane Austen’s Life and Times.”
According to Jim Halloway’s criticism entitled “Jane Austen’s Life and Times,” Halloway describes the “influence Austen’s secluded lifestyle had upon her writing.”
RIGHT

12. TCS Rule #3
TCS is the ONLY PLACE where you should mention any PLOT!! And it’s a “mention”/ a “reminder”– NOT a PLOT SUMMARY! You have to assume your educated/ informed reader knows the text.
For example, when Macbeth contemplates whether or not to kill the king, he weighs the role of Duncan as being at his home in “double-trust” as a reason not to kill his sovereign.

13. Correcting problems
Othello says, “One that loved not wisely but too well” ( ).
(Incorrect blending = has formed a FRAGMENT or INCOMPLETE SENTENCE!)
Othello speaks of himself as “one that loved not wisely but too well” ( ).
WRONG
RIGHT

14. Correcting problems
Othello asks his auditors to “speak of me as I am” ( ).
(The pronouns “me” and “I” do not agree in person with their antecedent. They need to be changed!)
Othello bids his auditors to “speak of [him] as [he is]” ( ).
Notice that I changed words in the quote by putting brackets around them. You can do this; however, if you have to change too many words like I did in the example above, it’s probably best to just blend in another way because your quotation may lose credibility.
WRONG
RIGHT

15. A better way to blend it…
Othello asks his auditors, “Speak of me as I am” ( ).
Notice that I capitalized the word “Speak” here b/c I have created a run-in quotation. You should always capitalize when introducing a quotation formally even if it’s not capitalized in the text.

16. Correcting problems
Iago bids his wife to “hold your [her] peace” ( ).
(Your sentences, including your bracketed words, must read as if there were no brackets. So, in this case, I need to leave out the “your” b/c I have replaced it with “her”.)
Iago bids his wife to “hold [her] peace” ( ).
WRONG
RIGHT

17. Correcting problems
Othello says that “I have done the state some service” ( ).
(Incorrect mixture of pronouns again. It switches from third-person “Othello” to first-person “I.”)
Othello says, “I have done the state some service” ( ).
WRONG
RIGHT

18. Correcting problems
Othello says that he “have done the state some service” ( ).
(Subject and verb of subordinate clause do not agree. The noun “he” must be followed with “has.”)
Othello says that he has “done the state some service” ( ).
WRONG
RIGHT

19. Present to Past = OK
When we are writing about literature, we need to use present tense; however, it is acceptable to leave the verbs in the quotations in past tense. Like in the example below, I use the present tense verb “goes,” but the quote has a past tense verb “did” instead of “does.” It’s acceptable to leave this the way it is.
Macbeth goes to kill the king, and he “did the deed.”

20. Quotations within quotations
Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations. This tells that something is spoken. Also, use slashes / to show line breaks in poetry.
In her dying speech, Emilia asks her dead mistress, “‘Hark, canst thou hear me? I will play the swan, / And die in music. Willow, willow, willow’” ( ).

21. Ellipsis
Use an ellipsis to cut out any unnecessary parts of the quote, and put brackets around the ellipsis to show that YOU added it and that it’s not in the original text.
Jim Halloway writes about how “Jane Austen’s legacy […] will be remembered forever.”

22. In or out? “I am not valiant neither,” says Othello (5.2.242).
Place commas and periods inside quotation marks.
Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks.
Place question marks and exclamation marks inside if they belong to the quoted sentence, outside if they belong to your sentence.
“I am not valiant neither,” says Othello ( ).
Othello says, “I am not valiant neither” ( ).
“Who can control his fate?” cries Othello ( ).
Does Shakespeare endorse Othello’s implication that no one “can control his fate”? ( ).

23. Student sample 1
During Antony’s speech he tells the audience he “thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he thrice refused” and then ask “was this ambition?” (Ant ).

24. Student sample 2
Antony uses pathos by telling the audience that in Caesar’s will, each Roman citizen gets “seventy-five drachmas”(Ant ), and this excites them.

25. Student sample 3
Antony believes that “ambition should be made of sterner stuff” (3.2.91).

26. Student sample 4
Lastly, Antony used pathos again when he would not read Caesar’s will and claimed that “it’s better that you do not know how Caesar loved you” (Ant ).