1. European Renaissance and Reformation
Chapter 17

2. Section 1-Italy:Birthplace of the Renaissance

3. Italy’s Advantage
Renaissance-Meaning rebirth/revival of the arts and learning (1300 A.D. to 1600 A.D.)
Italians wanted to revive the culture of classical Greeks and Romans

4. Italy’s Advantage
Three advantages that made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance
Thriving cities
Wealthy merchant class
Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

5. Italy’s Advantage
Medici Family-Powerful banking family who ruled Florence, Italy during the 1400’s.
Acting as patrons they encouraged the arts during the Renaissance

6. Classical and Worldly Values
Humanism- Movement that focused on human potential and achievement
Secular-Worldly outlook on life and art rather than spiritual
Patrons- People who financially supported the arts

7. Classical and Worldly Values
Renaissance Man- A man well versed in many areas of art and education
The Courtier-Book which taught young men how to become Renaissance men
Renaissance Woman-
Encouraged to be charming and know the classics, and inspire art
Not encouraged to seek fame, or create art

8. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Perspective-Artistic technique that showed three dimensions on a flat surface

9. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Donatello-Artist, poet, sculpture, architect, painter
Statue of David the boy
1st free standing nude male sculpture since ancient times
Leonardo da Vinci-Painter, sculpture, inventor, scientist
Best known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Raphael-Painted the School of Athens
Showed classical influence on the Renaissance

10. The School of Athens Raphael 1511

11. Madonna of the
Goldfinch
Raphael
1506

12. Madonna and Child with St. Anne
Leonardo da Vinci
1513

13. Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci
1505

14. The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498

15. La Pieta
Michelangelo
1500

16. David Michelangelo 1504 censored
Did you know that David was supposed to be placed on the top of a church in Florence?
It was commissioned by the de Medici family who were so impressed that they decided to leave it in the piazza in front of the church so that the public could see it up close.

17. Renaissance Writers Change Literature
Vernacular-Writing in ones native language (instead of Latin)
Niccolo Machiavelli-
Wrote The Prince (1513)
Explains how a ruler can gain and keep power through misleading and deceive his opponents

18. Section 2-The Northern Renaissance

19. Important Stuff from Section 2
Utopia- An ideal place
Johann Gutenberg-German craftsman that developed a new printing press
Printed a full copy of the Bible
Allowed for books to produced cheaply

20. Important Stuff from Section 2
William Shakespeare-Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age
Born 1564 in England
Emphasized the humanity through drama and tragedy
Shakespeare’s wrote Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

21. Important Stuff from Section 2
Changes in Art-
Based on classical Greek and Roman styles
Realistic style of art
Both secular and religious works were created
Writers used vernacular languages
Praised individual achievements

22. Important Stuff from Section 2
Changes in Society-
Information became inexpensive and available to the public
Cheap books = increased literacy
Clarified laws = more people understanding their rights
Christian humanists changed views on how life should be lived
People began to question political and religious practices

23. Section 3-Luther Leads the Reformation

24. Causes of the Reformation (pg. 488)
Social
Political
Economic
Religious
The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church
The printing press helped spread ideas that went against the Church
Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth
Merchants and others resented having to pay the Church taxes
Church leaders were becoming worldly and corrupt
Many people found Church practices like the sale of indulgences unacceptable

25. Luther Challenges the Church
Martin Luther-Monk and teacher from Germany
The 95 Theses-95 statements attacking the “pardon-merchants”
1517-Luther took a public stand against Johann Tetzel’s sale of indulgences
Indulgence-Selling releases from the punishment of their sins
Reformation-Religious reform and the formation of churches that did not follow the popes lead

26. Luther Challenges the Church
Luther’s Teaching-
Salvation through faith alone
Catholics believed faith and works = salvation
Church teaching should be based on the Bible alone
Pope and church traditions = false authority
All people with faith are equal
People could interpret the Bible for themselves

27. The Response to Luther
1520-Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther
He later did
1521-Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
No one could offer Luther food or shelter
Prince Frederick housed Luther during this time he translated the New Testament into German

28. The Response to Luther
Protestant-Christian who belonged to non-Catholic churches
Peace of Augsburg-Compromise in which rulers would decide the religion on his state
Protestant or Catholic

29. England Becomes Protestant
Annul-Ending a marriage if proof is shown it was never legal (not a divorce)

30. England Becomes Protestant
Henry VIII-King of England
Had one daughter (Mary) with wife Catherine and wanted a son
Asked the pope for an annulment so he could marry a younger wife
Act of Supremacy- Citizens had to take an oath recognizing Henry as the head of England’s Church and his divorce as legal

31. England Becomes Protestant
Elizabeth I-Wanted to restore Protestantism and with the help of Parliament set up the Church of England (Anglican Church)
Named the only legal church in England
Church of England- Designed to keep Protestants and Catholics happy
Priests could marry and give sermons in English
Kept rich robes and some Catholic traditions

32. Section 4-The Reform Continues

33. Calvin Continues the Reformation
John Calvin- Published Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature
Summary of Protestant theology and religious beliefs
Calvinism-Religion based on John Calvin’s teachings

34. Calvin Continues the Reformation
Predestination-God has known since the beginning of time who he wants to save
These people were called the “elect”
Theocracy-Government controlled by religious leaders

35. Other Protestant Reformers
Anabaptists- “Meaning baptize again”
Protestant group who believe people should only be baptized as adults
Believed church and state should be separate and they should not fight wars

36. Catholic Reformation
Catholic Reformation-A process of renewing the Catholic Church from within
Jesuits-Society of Jesus
3 Focuses-
Founded schools in Europe
Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
Stop the spread of Protestantism

37. Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III takes four steps to reform the Catholic Church
Investigated the selling of indulgences
Approved the Jesuit order
Used inquisitions to seek out heretics (non-believers)
Called for church leaders to meet at the Council of Trent

38. Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent-Meeting where Catholic cardinals and bishops agreed on several doctrines
Only the churches interpretation of the Bible is correct
Anyone who tries to interoperate it is a heretic
Salvation is achieved by good works and faith
Christian life should be guided by church traditions and the bible
Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

39. The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
Political Effects of the Reformation