1. MOTIVATION

2. What is motivation?
A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal

3. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
Biological forces controlled motivation-INSTINCTS (based on Darwin)
This idea only allowed psychologists to NAME behaviors. Psychologists wanted to EXPLAIN behavior.

4. Drive Reduction Theory
Homeostasis
Hunger-physiological need creates psychological state
Drive (hunger) is reduced-need is satisfied.

5. AROUSAL THEORY External Incentives INCREASE AROUSAL-
too little stimulation can motivate people to seek an optimum level of arousal
AROUSAL
THEORY

6. WHY DO YOU THINK PEOPLE GO TO COLLEGE?

7. Abraham Maslow
HUMANISTIC THEORY

8. Handout 12-3: Assessment of Your Present Needs
Directions:
Reflect on your activities over the past month and enter 3 SIGNIFICANT behaviors that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level.
Satisfaction Ratings:
1=totally unsatisfied
6=totally satisfied

9. Analysis of Needs
Do needs lower in the hierarchy receive higher satisfaction ratings?
Is it easier to think of behaviors belonging to one level rather than another?
Do certain behaviors reflect more than one motive?
Are there important motives not included in the hierarchy?
Are you failing to meet some needs in the hierarchy?

10. Are you Self-Actualized?
Complete Handout 12-4: Self-Actualization Survey
Items 1, 3,4,7,10,12,15: Score as stated on handout
Items 2,5,6,8,9,11,13,14: reverse(6=1,5=2,4=3, 3=4,2=5,1=6)
Scores: Can range from 15 to 90. Mean score for college students = 60.
Autonomy
Self-acceptance
Acceptance of Emotions
Trust/Responsibility in Interpersonal Relations
Live in the present, not in the past with guilt or in the future with fear
Inner-directed
Extraverted
Rational thoughts/emotions

11. Abraham Maslow Additional Thoughts by Exceptions: Martyrs
Did not have to satisfy a need 100%
For the average American: 85% of physiological needs are met, 70% of safety needs, 50% of belongingness and and love needs, 40% of self-esteem needs, and 10% of self-actualization needs are satisfied.
Means to satisfy a need varies across cultures
Behavior is a result of multiple motivations
Addition of cognitive needs (can be inhibited by schools and/or parents

12. Safety/Security Needs
Food
Water
Air
Sunlight
Car
Self-Respect
Support
Friendship
Procreation
Shelter
Money
Heat
Love
Acceptance
Realizing Potential
Belongingness Needs
Esteem Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety/Security Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Actualize
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety/Security Needs
Physiological Needs

13. HUNGER

14. Physiology of Hunger Stomach Contractions
*Increase in stomach contractions = increase in the feelings of hunger.
Glucose-Increases in the hormone insulin, decreases glucose.
*Blood Glucose
*Hunger
*Also: Stress increases cravings for carbs that increase sereotonin.
Hypothalamus (lateral or side & ventromedial or lower middle)-this is where stomach pangs and glucose levels are sent. Lateral stimulation sends hunger messages, Ventromedial stimulation depresses hunger.
Set Point - or weight thermostat
PSYCH OF
HUNGER

15. Motivation-Hunger WASHBURN STUDY:
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Time in minutes
Subject swallows
balloon, which
measures stomach
contraction
Subject presses
key each time
when hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
Remove stomach/Remove hunger? NO!

16. Motivation-Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

17. Motivation-Hunger Set Point Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
set point can be changed with slow changes in body weight
Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

18. Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Lateral: brings on hunger
Ventromedial: Depresses hunger

19. Are you an
EXTERNAL?
The presence of food can increase insulin which decreases glucose which is monitored by the hypothalamus to send a hunger response.
Do you eat because your hypothalamus told you to or because you can’t resist the presence of chocolate?

20. Universal Preferences
When it rains, it pours.
Universal Preferences

21. Seoul activists protest sale of dog meat in Korea
Canine cuts are viewed as delicacy in some quarters
By Kyong-Hwa Seok / Associated Press
SEOUL, South Korea -- Animal rights activists protested efforts to legalize the sale of dog meat in South Korea at a Seoul demonstration Monday. Several dozen protesters, accompanied by two dogs, staged an hour long rally in front of an opposition party building, demanding that its members stop a move to introduce legislation supporting dog meat sales. "Dogs are the best friends of human beings. Killing dogs and eating their meat cannot be justified," said Keum Sun-ran, 54, head of the Korea Animal Protection Society. Kim Hong-shin, a legislator from the main opposition Grand National Party, announced plans last week to introduce legislation supporting the sale of dog meat, long considered a delicacy by some South Koreans.
DOG WITH BLACK BEAN
1 young dog 1 year of age
oil
2/3 soup bowl of black beans (the dry, non-salted kind)
Dried bean curd, soaked and cut into pieces
Soy sauce or sugar

22. Rocky Mountain Oysters On the Half Shell
Recipe By : Texas on the Halfshell ISBN:
2 pounds bull testicles* 1 cup flour 1/4 cup cornmeal 1 cup red wine salt black pepper garlic powder Louisiana Hot Sauce cooking oil**
*aka: calf fries, Rocky Mountain Oysters (sheep or turkey testicles may be used also)
** pure hog lard is the best, but a mixture of 60% peanut oil and 40% vegetable oil will do
With a very sharp knife, split the tough skin-like muscle that surrounds each "oyster." Remove the skin. Set "oysters" into a pan with enough salt water to cover them for one hour (this takes out some of the blood). Drain. Transfer "oysters" to large pot. Add enough water to float "oysters" and a generous tablespoon of vinegar. Parboil, drain and rinse. Let cool and slice each "oyster" into 1/4 inch thick ovals. Sprinkle salt and pepper on both sides of sliced "oyster" to taste.

23. Eating Disorders-more evident in weight conscious cultures.
Anorexia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use

24. Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa
when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
95% of sufferers are female
most are between the ages of 18-30
30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die
Families are often competitive, high-achieving and protective

25. Eating Disorders-Bulimia
Commonly depressed or anxious
Easy to hide because weight fluctuations are within normal range.
Families of bulimia patients have higher rates of alcoholism, obesity, and depression

26. Women’s Body Images Thinnest Women’s ideal What women believed men
preferred
What men
actually
current
body image
Fattest

27. SURVEY OF EATING HABITS
High Scores: Positive Orientation toward Food
Scoring:
Males: 2T,3F,4T,5T,7F,9F,10T,11T,12T, 15F, 16F,17T,18F,19T, 24T, 25T, 26T, 27T, 32T, 33T, 34F, 37F, 38T, 39T, 42T, 45F, 46F, 47F, 51T, 52T, 53T, 54T, 58F, 60T, 63T, 64T.
Females: 1T, 2T, 4T, 5T, 6T, 8T, 9F, 10T, 11T, 12T, 13F, 14T, 15T, 16F, 17T, 18F, 19T, 20T, 21T, 22T, 23F, 26T, 27T, 28F, 29T, 30F, 31F, 34F, 35F, 36F, 39T, 40T, 41T, 43F, 44T, 45F, 48F, 49F, 50T, 51T, 52T, 53T, 54T, 55F, 56F, 57F, 59T, 61T, 62T, 63T, 65T.

28. EATING HABITS, CONTINUED
Do early experiences contribute to a greater responsivity to external incentives to eat later in life?
Are scores on the scale likely to be related to obesity?
Are positive attitudes toward eating related to other personality characteristics?

29. Body Image Survey (1997-Psychology Today)
89% of women want to lose weight; 22% of men say they want to gain weight.
Some women are choosing not to have children because of the negative body image.
Sexual abuse contributes to body dissatisfaction.
Teasing during childhood or adolescence can have a lasting negative impact for decades.

30. SEX

31. Erotophobia or Erotophilia or Somewhere in-between?
Handout 12-6: Sexual Opinion Survey
1. Assign a numerical value from 1 to 7 to each response. “1” = “strongly agree, “7” = “strongly disagree,” etc.
2. Add the scores for items 2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, and 20.
3. Subtract from this total the sum of the scores for items 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, and 21.
4. Add 67 to this difference. This sum represents the score on the Sexual Opinion Survey.

32. 0=Extreme Erotophobia 126=Extreme Erotophilia Positive Attitudes?
Negative Attitudes?
Sexual Education?
Dislike talking about sex
Masturbate less
Engage in less-frequent breast cancer self-examinations
Fewer gynecological check-ups
Less likely to take steps for effective contraception
Sex not discussed in their families
Grades in Human Sexuality courses are lower than Erotophilias
Enjoy pornographic movies
Find group sex entertaining
Long-term sexual relationships with more than one partner are acceptable
Approve of pre-marital sex
Love doesn’t have to link with sex
More premarital sex partners than erotophobes
Positive attitudes don’t mean a healthy lifestyle. What attitudes are healthy (psychologically, socially, physically, morally)?

33. Assessing Sexual Practices: Interviews & Surveys
Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction
Sexual Literacy: Did you know…?
76% of respondents did not know average age of first intercourse which is 18.
50% did not know that oil-based lubricants should not be used with condoms or diaphragms (some cause holes within 60 seconds.
49% did know a woman can get pregnant during her menstrual period.
50% thought a person could get AIDS by having rectal intercourse, even if neither partner is infected with the virus.

34. HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Without Orgasm
Orgasm-muscle contractions, further increases in breathing...
Plateau-breathing, pulse, blood pressure increase.
Excitement-genital engorged with blood
Males
Females
Resolution Phase

35. Hormones and Psychological Effects on Sexual Motivation
Estrogen-sexual desire in females only slightly increases at ovulation.
Sexual desire in females also responsive to testosterone levels
Males testosterone levels can increase just being with a female.
Pubertal surge in sex hormones.
Later in life, hormones drop off and intercourse and fantasies decline.
Sex is not a need.
Externals: Women aroused by explicit pictures as men.
Pleasing or Disturbing?
Imagined Stimuli-Dreams bring about sexual orgasm (more commen in men-”wet dreams.”
Memories of past sexual experiences.

36. Sexual Disorders Premature Ejaculation-what is it? Treatment?
Impotence
Orgasmic Disorder (more common in women)-what is it? Treatment?

37. SEXUAL ATTITUDE SCALE: Handout 12-7
Scoring: Reverse scoring for items 19, 20, & 21.
Permissiveness: Total/21=Score for Permissiveness
Sexual Practices: Total/7=Score for Sexual Practices
Communion in the Relationship Total/9=Score for Comm
Instrumentality: Total/6=Score for Instrumentality
Permissiveness: Open, casual sexuality
Sexual Practices: Responsible, tolerant sexuality
Communion: Emotional, idealistic sexuality
Instrumentality: Sex as egocentric and very biological

38. Males Females Read romance over pornography
Accepting of Casual Sex
Initiate Sex
Masturbate more often
View pornography more often
Think about sex more often
One-night stands more common. Will even be willing to go to bed with a stranger.
Read romance over pornography
Need more time before 1st sexual encounter.
Study: No woman agreed to have sex with a stranger.

39. Males: Higher on Permissiveness and Instrumentality Scales.
Females: Oriented to love/sexuality patterns that is practical but idealistic with high, intense emotions.

40. Attitudes toward Homosexual Persons
Scoring:
Reverse Scoring for 1,2,6,8,13,14,15,18,19,20,21
Add numbers: Range , Higher scores reflect
a more favorable attitude.
Legal Marriage?
Abortion of homosexual fetuses?
Health Benefits as couple?
Have children?
Serve openly in armed forces?
Teach?

41. Homosexuality NATURE OR NURTURE? Not a result of:
Recognize around 20 years old
Ostracized, jokes, doubt, guilt.
3-4% of Population
Exposure to hormones (typically exp. By female fetuses) during pregnancy-b/w 2nd-5th month
NATURE OR NURTURE?
Homosexuality
Not a result of:
parenting
hatred of other gender
hormones (currently in blood)
molestation
Genetics: Yes, according to Twin Studies
Biological differences in the hypothalamus

42. SEX AND HUMAN VALUES
Should sex-education be value-free?
Should some sexual acts be labeled as perversions?
Does formal sex education lead to an increase in premarital sex?
Should 3rd graders read “Johnny and his 2 mothers?”

43. Achievement
Motivation

44. Achievement Motivation: A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard.
Who do you know that has high achievement motivation? IQ
= Achievement ? NO
If not, where does achievement motivation come from?

45. Sources of Achievement Motivation
From parents who stress independence
From parents who praise/reward for success
Children learn that achievement = positive emotions & competence
Birth Order (1st borns=higher achievers, Later borns = more freewheeling & creative)

46. INTRINSIC vs. EXTRINSIC
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Why are you in AP Psych?
Interesting
Curiosity
Competent
Why are you in AP Psych?
Parents.
Need the credit.
Save money in college.

48. Which is higher? INTRINSIC OR EXTRINSIC?
To assess INTRINSIC motivation:
Reverse: 9 & 14 then ADD 3,5,7,9,11,13,14,17,20,23,26,27,28,30
Score?
To assess EXTRINSIC motivation:
Reverse 1, 16, 22 then ADD 1,2,4,6,10,12,15,16,18,19,21,22,24,25,29
Score?
Which is higher? INTRINSIC OR EXTRINSIC?
3,5,9,11,13,14,26=CHALLENGING TASKS
7,8,14,17,23,27,28,30=ENJOYMENT IN ONE’S WORK
1,2,6,12,15,18,21,24,25,29=NEED RECOGNITION OF OTHERS
4,10,16,19,22=CONCERNED WITH COMPENSATION

49. What is the meaning of life?
What is the meaning of YOUR life?
Deeds? Ex: Work
Value? Ex: love of something or someone.

50. A+ MOTIVATING OTHERS Accomplishment
Which motive is highest in the U.S.?
I did it!
Present a
Challenge
Lesson Plan: by AP Psych Students
Goal: To pass the AP Psych Exam
How will you do it? Students Decide
Goal
Student
of the
Week
Recognition
Affiliation

51. TASK LEADERSHIP
SOCIAL LEADERSHIP
Standards
Goals
Organization
Focused
Gives Good Orders
Mediate Conflict
Team Spirit
Delegate Authority
Participation of Team
Morale Builder
Vision
Charisma
Communication

52. T H E O R Y
T H E O R Y X Y

53. McGregor’s Theory X & Y Theory X Theory Y
Managers are pessimistic about workers’ capabilities.
Managers believe people dislike work, seek to avoid responsibility, and are not ambitious.
Employees must be closely supervised.
Theory Y
Managers are more optimistic about workers’ capabilities.
Managers believe people enjoy work, willingly accept responsibility, exercise self-control, have the capacity to innovate, and work is as natural as play.