1. Aim: What is matter? Do Now: Calculate the percent composition by mass of carbon (C) on CH2O. (Mass of C: 12g/mol, H:1g/mol, O:16 g/mol)

2. What is Chemistry? Chemistry is a branch of
physical science that studies
the composition, structure,
properties and change of matter
and energy

3. Properties of Matter
Extensive properties are properties that depend on the amount of matter in a sample
Mass, Weight, Length and Volume are examples of extensive properties
Intensive properties are properties that depend on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
Color, Odor, Luster, Melting/Freezing Point, Boiling Point, Density, Hardness, Conductivity, Ductility

4. Properties of Matter
Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without changing the substance.
Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the type of substance.

5. Three States of Matter
Particles are arranged in a fixed pattern; are packed closely together. Particles vibrate about their fixed position.
Particles are packed, but in an unorderly manner, but particles are able to move about; are less close to one another (as compared to solid).
Particles are spread widely, free to move anywhere; are far apart. Particles move freely and randomly.

6. Solid Liquid Gas Small Expans. YES YES NO Small Expans. NO NO YES
Definite Volume?
Definite Shape?
Temp. increase
Compressible?
Small Expans.
Solid
YES
YES NO
Small Expans.
Liquid NO NO
YES
Large Expans. NO
Gas NO
YES

7. Physical change vs. Chemical Change
Some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
Can be classified as reversible or irreversible
New product is not formed
Examples: aluminum foil is cut in half, water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, juice freezes
The composition of the matter always changes
Produce new substances with different chemical make-ups and properties.
Examples: milk goes sour, gasoline is ignited, your body digests food, metal rusts

8. Mixtures A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components.
Heterogeneous mixtures are a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout.
Oil and vinegar, chicken noodle soup
Homogeneous mixtures or solutions are mixtures in which the composition is uniform throughout.
oil, vinegar, cup of coffee, salt water

9. Separating Mixtures: Filtration
Separating a mixture of undissolved solid from a liquid.

10. Separating Mixtures: Chromatography
Separating dissolved substances that have different colors.

11. Separating Mixtures: Evaporation
Separating a soluble (dissolved) solid from a liquid.

12. Separating Mixtures: Distillation
Separating a liquid from a solution based on boiling points.

13. Elements and Compounds
An element is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties.
Oxygen, hydrogen
A compound is a substance that contains two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed portion.
Salt, sugar
Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.

15. -Simplest form of matter. Ex: O2
-Particles are not uniformly distributed. Particles are physically combined.
-Particles are uniformly distributed. Particles are physically combined.
-Simplest form of matter. Ex: O2
-Two or more different elements chemically combined. Ex: H2O
yes
yes

16. Chemical Reactions Another name for chemical change
When one or more substances are changed into new substances.
Reactants- stuff you start with
Products- what you make
NEW PROPERTIES
Because each substance has its own properties

17. Sample Problems
Which substance can not be decomposed into simpler substances?
(1) ammonia (NH3)
(2) aluminum (Al)
(3)methane (CH4)
(4)methanol (CH3OH)
Answer: choice 2 aluminum is an element. It is a pure substance and cannot be broken down by any means into simpler parts. The other choices are compounds

18. Sample Problems cont.
Which statement describes a characteristic of all compounds?
(1) Compounds contain one element, only.
(2) Compounds contain two elements, only.
(3) Compounds can be decomposed by chemical means.
(4) Compounds can be decomposed by physical means.
Answer: Choice 3 A compound can be decomposed by a chemical change. It is made of two or more different elements chemically united in a definite ratio.

19. Sample Problems cont.
Which formula represents a binary (two different types of elements) compound?
(1) NH4NO3
(2) CH4
(3) CH3COCH3
(4) CaCO3
Answer: Choice 2 CH4 is composed of two elements: carbon and hydrogen

20. Sample Problems cont.
An example of a heterogeneous (can tell apart the different parts in the mixture) mixture is:
(1) soil
(2) sugar
(3) carbon monoxide
(4) carbon dioxide
Answer: Choice 1 Soil has minerals, rocks, dirt, bacteria, etc., all mixed together; different parts of the soil have different amounts of materials.