1. Blood Made of Average person 4-6L 7.4 pH, acidosis if falls below 7.35
Plasma 55%– liquid part of blood (water, proteins)
Formed elements 45%– rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets
Buffy coat – wbc and platelets
Average person 4-6L
7.4 pH, acidosis if falls below 7.35

2. Blood types
Antigen – substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies, almost always foreign substances that entered from outside the body
Antibody – made by the body to help agglutinate (clump) the antigens

3. Blood types AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO
“A” blood type means that it contains a certain antigen on plasma membrane of rbc, present from birth, therefore body does not build antibodies against them.
Antibodies for B are present in plasma and there from birth, unknown why

4. Rh System Rh positive – rbc contains antigen for Rh factor
Rh negative – no antigen on rbc
Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh – mom and Rh+ dad, baby is Rh+, can introduce anti Rh antigens into moms body, causing concern in next pregnancy
RhoGAM – protein that prevents mom’s body from producing anti Rh antibodies

5. Blood Plasma Salts, foods, oxygen, carbon dioxide and plasma proteins
Albumins – thicken blood
Globulins – includes antibodies that protect from infections
fibrinogen and prothrombin – clotting
Serum – plasma minus the clotting factors

6. Formed elements Erythrocytes – rbc, 5 million in 1 drop of blood
Leukocytes – wbc, 7500
Granular
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Non-granular
Lymphocytes
monocytes
Thrombocytes - Platelets – 300,000

7. Hematopoiesis - Blood formation
Myeloid tissue – Red bone marrow
Sternum, ribs, hip bones
lymphatic tissue – forms most lymphocytes and monocytes
Found in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
Hemoglobin – red pigment, carries oxygen

8. Blood tests
CBC – complete blood cell count, values of each type of cell count, ranges
Hematocrit – information on the volume of rbc’s in a blood sample using a centrifuge

9. Red Blood cell disorders
Polycythemia – overproduction of RBC’s
Increase viscosity
Slows blood flow
Can lead to hypertension, coagulation problems, hemorrhages….
Treatment – blood removal, irradiation of bone marrow, chemotherapy treatment to suppress production of RBC’s

10. Anemia
low oxygen carrying capacity of blood (low #’s of RBC’s or problems with hemoglobin)
Hemorrhagic – due to hemorrhage or bleeding, acute or chronic
Aplastic – destruction of bone marrow, exposure to toxins
Pernicious – vit. B deficiency, or intrinsic factor (allows vit B to be absorbed)
Iron deficiency – iron is required to make hemoglobin
Hemolytic – decreased RBC life span due to increase rate of destruction, sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia

11. White Blood Cells - Leukocytes
Granular
Neutrophils – phagocytes
Eosinophils – protection against parasite infections, allergic reactions
Basophils – react in inflammatory reactions
Agranular
Lymphocytes – protection, immune mechanism, B (antibodies) and T (attack bacteria)
Monocytes – largest, phagocytes

12. White Blood Cell disorders
Multiple myeloma – cancer of B lymphocytes
Leukemia – blood cancers affecting the WBCs, elevated WBC levels,
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), adult
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), children
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), adults
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Infectious Mononucleosis – young adults, viral, kissing disease

13. Platelets and blood clotting
Blood clot  injury to vessel  clotting factor released  form prothrombin activator
Platelets become sticky at point of injury and form a platelet plug.
Platelets release clotting factors
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin
Thrombin reacts with fibrogen to change into fibrin.

14. Clotting
Vitamin K stimulates liver to produce more prothrombin  faster clot
Coumadin – anticoagulant, inhibit synthesis of prothrombin
Heparin – inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

15. Clotting disorders Thrombus- clot stays stationary, throbosis
Embolus – clot travels, embolism
Hemophilia – X-linked disorder, failure to produce clotting factors
Thrombocytopenia – decrease in platelet count usually caused by bone marrow destruction due to radiation, drugs, cancer

16. WBC Count Leukopenia – abnormally low WBC count
Leukocytosis – abnormally high WBC count
Differential WBC count – each type reported as % of total count